Quantum points

Kuti uwane pfungwa yakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zvezvinhu zvenyama uye nemitemo, maererano nezvinodiwa nemaitiro macrocosm, hazvidikanwi kupedza dzidzo yepamusoro yepamusoro, nokuti zuva rega rega rinosangana nekuratidzwa kwavo. Kunyangwe munguva pfupi yapfuura mutemo wekufanana wakave uchinyanya kutaurwa, avo vatsigiri vanotaura kuti micro uye macro nyika yakafanana zvikuru, zvisinei, kune rumwe rutivi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa nehukuru hwakakura hwemiviri nezvinhu. Zvinyorwa zvitsvuku, dzimwe nguva zvinonzi nanocurrents, zvinongomiririra chimwe chezviitiko izvi.

Pasi pane zviduku

Ngatiyeukei chimiro chechikamu cheatomu, somuenzaniso, hydrogen. Inosanganisira nucleus, iyo inokonzerwa nekuvapo kweproton inobhadharwa yakazara mukati mayo ine mari yepamusoro yemagetsi, i.e +1 (sezvo hydrogen ndiyo yekutanga pane tafura yaMendeleyev). Saizvozvowo, kune imwe nzvimbo iri kure kubva mumusasa kune electron (-1), kuumba electron shell. Zviri pachena kuti kana tikawedzera kukosha kwenyaya yenyukireya, izvi zvinosanganisira kuwedzerwa kwemasvoloni matsva (yeuka: kazhinji, atomu inogadzirwa nejeri).

Rutivi pakati pe electron imwe neimwe nucleus inoratidzirwa nehuwandu hwemagetsi ezvinokanganisa zvikamu. Nzira imwe neimwe inogara iripo, kusarudzwa kwese kwezvikamu zvinogadzirisa zvinhu. Electrioni inogona kutumbuka kubva kune imwe orbit kuenda kune imwe, kuunganidza kana kusunungura simba kuburikidza ne photons imwe nguva. Pamitambo yakanyanyisa kurega ndeye electrons ine simba guru. Zvinofadza, iyo photon pachayo inoratidza unhu hwemhando mbiri, ichirondedzerwa panguva imwechete sechidimbu chisina simba uye magetsi emagetsi.

Aya mazwi

Iro shoko rokuti "photon" rechiGiriki kubva, rinoreva "chiedza chechiedza". Nemhaka yeizvi, inogona kukwikwidzana kuti kana electron inoshandura mararamiro ayo, inobata (inopa) chiyero chechiedza. Munyaya iyi zvakakodzera kutsanangura zvinorehwa neshoko rimwe - "quantum". Ichokwadi, hapana chakaoma. Izwi rakabva muchiLatin "quantum", iyo inoshandurwa chaizvoizvo sechinhu chiduku kudarika chero cheiwo zvayo (pano-miviri). Ngatitsanangurirei nemuenzaniso kuti chiyero chii: kana milligram yaiva shoma shoma isingaoneki yekuyera kuyerwa, saka inogona kunzi iyo. Izvo zvakajeka, zvinenge zvichiita, nguva yakaoma.

Quantum points: tsanangudzo

Kazhinji mumabhuku, munhu anogona kuwana tsananguro inotevera ye nanotube: iyo inonyanya kudarika imwe yezvinhu zvakakosha zvakaenzana nekukura kweiyo yakagadziriswa evelength (iyo yakakwana yakavhara muganhu we 1 kusvika kune 10 nanometer). Muchirimo, kukosha kwesimba rinogona kushandiswa nemumwe mutoro wezvakaipa zvisina kufanira kunze kwekunze, uye saka electron haigone kushandiswa.

Zvisinei, shoko rokuti "quantum dots" rinogona kutsanangurwa zvakasiyana. An electron inobata photon "inomuka" kune imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro, uye munzvimbo yayo "kushayikwa" kunoumbwa-iyo inonzi yakananga. Saizvozvowo, kana electron iine 1 mutero, ipapo gomba + 1. Kutsvaka kudzokera kune imwe nyika yaimbova yakagadzikana, electrononi inotora photon. Kubatana kwevatakuri vemotokari "-" uye "+" munyaya ino inonzi exciton uye mufizikiki inonzwisiswa sechidimbu. Kukura kwaro kunobva pahuwandu hwekuwana simba (yakakwirira kusvika). Zvinyorwa zvitsvuku zvinongova zvikamu izvi chete. Kuwedzerwa kwesimba rinobudiswa ne electron zvakananga kunobva paukuru hwehutatu hwezvinhu zvakapiwa uye exciton. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti nheyo yemirasi yekuona kwechiedza nemeso evanhu ndiyo simba rakasiyana re-photons. Muvara woga woga une nguva yakasiyana yevhesi yemagetsi.