Mapatani uye mitemo-shanduka. shanduka kwacho

Biological shanduka chinoreva dzinongoitika Kushanduka zvipenyu, icho pamwe nokuchinja majini Zvinoumba vanhu, uyewo nokuwedzera adaptive ehupfumi, chitarisiko itsva kwemarudzi uye kutsakatika tsaru. Zvose izvi zvinoita kusanduka nguva zvose zvinhu zvipenyu uye biosphere yose.

The chikuru dzidziso

Pane maonero akawanda achitsanangura zvigadziriswe hwaakange shanduka kwacho yakavakirwa. Masayendisiti Most zvino vakazvipira kune chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka (Ste), kwakavakirwa kwemapazi vemo genetics yaDarwin. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa pfungwa rinotsanangura kubatana pakati nemagene kunotouraya, kureva mashoko yokushanduka-shanduka uye rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa (shanduka mashandiro). The shanduka kwacho yechinangwa dzidziso iyi kakawanda shanduko kwacho pakati alleles akasiyana majini zviri nevanhu zvipenyu pamusoro kumarudzi akawanda.

Mapatani uye mitemo-shanduka

The shanduka chinhu kusingarapiki chichingoitwa. Chero muviri iyo, nokuda kuunganidza akanaka kunotouraya vaigona kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu matsva, kana kudzoka aimbova svikiro anofanira kuva kuzodzosera vanopfuura nzira kwadzakabva. Uyezve, hapana mhando hazvigoni kugadziriswa zvakazara, Charles Darwin pachake akanyora kuti kunyange kana nzvimbo achava akafanana neepakutanga, ipapo vakashanduka kwemarudzi asingakwanisi kudzokera ayo yapfuura mamiriro. Kureva, mhuka achakwanisa kuchinja kudzoka tsaru ezvinhu, asi kwete nzira "wekare".

Izvi zviri nyore zvinogona kuonekwa zvakaita Dolphins. The womukati maumbirwo zvimbi dzavo (pamwe shato huru) anoramba zviratidzo mammalian richiripo. Kunotouraya ari Gene mudziva yoku- chizvarwa, saka haana akadzokorora. Pasinei chokwadi kuti Dolphins uye hove huru zvakachinja nzvimbo, uye shanu-neminwe Mbabvu - kune zvimbi, vachiri mhuka. Just kufanana zvinokambaira hwakabva amphibians dzimwe mudariro, asi kunyange kare kare ezvinhu, havagoni kupa kukonzera amphibians.

Mumwe muenzaniso kutonga ichi yemhindumupindu: ane miti yakasvibira shrub mutsvairo. On ayo hunde dziri inopenya, hombe uye gobvu mashizha dziri matavi chaizvoizvo dzakachinjwa. The Mashizha vechokwadi pamwero-zvakadai uye dziri pakati izvi "madzinde." Of sinus flakes mangwanani chitubu ruva sokuti, umo mberi anovandudza michero. Butcher ndikabvisa mashizha ari nedanho shanduka, somugumisiro akagona kujairana kwemvura, asi zvino Re-apinda hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza, asi pachinzvimbo mashizha ichi dzakachinjwa madzinde.

inhomogeneity

Terms-shanduka vanoti zvichiitika heterogeneous chaizvo uye haana kutsunga nehwendefa nguva. Somuenzaniso, kune mhuka aivapo kuchinja mazana emamiriyoni kwemakore. It hove crossopterygian, Tuatara uye sablehvost - zvipenyu zvisaririra. Asi zvinoitika kuti speciation uye kushanduka kunoitika nokukurumidza chaizvo. Mumakore 800 zviuru makore Australia uye kuPhilippines, pane zvitsva mhando nemakonzo, uye Lake Baikal mumakore okupedzisira makore mamiriyoni 20 ave makapfumiswa ne marudzi 240 kubva magakanje, izvo rakakamurwa genera itsva 34. Chiitiko kana kushandura mhando hakunei nguva yakadaro, asi iri pakutsvaga kushaya kugwinya uye uwandu nezvizvarwa. Kureva nokukurumidza kuwedzera mhando, dzakanga mwero shanduka.

up maitiro

Pezvakaitwa akadai shanduka, dzinongoitika kusarudzwa uye mutation, anogona kumhanya zvikuru nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinoitika kana zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu dzinotsauka. Zvisinei, pakadzika kumakungwa, bako mvura, zviwi dzimwe ndima-shanduka, rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa uye speciation yoga kuitika zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi anotsanangura chokwadi hove dzakawanda kuti crossopterygian makore mamiriyoni kuramba kuchinja.

Tevera kuti nedoro kuti mwero yemhindumupindu rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa zviri nyore Tupukanana. Mune thirties remakore rapfuura kubva tupukanana vakatanga kushandisa zvinodhaka chepfu, asi pashure pemakore mashomanana kwaiva zvipenyu kuti dzakashandisa zvinodhaka. siyana izvi kunge hukuru nechinzvimbo uye akakurumidza kupararira mhiri nyika.

Nokuti kurapa zvirwere zvakawanda rinowanzoshandiswa simba nemishonga - kuti penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin. dzidziso pamusoro mitemo kutora chaizvoizvo: ari forties, masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti chidzoke zvigare nemishonga iyi.

regularities

Kune zvitatu chikuru-shanduka, convergence, kusiyana uku kunoita uye parallelism. Panguva iyo siyana yave zvishoma nezvishoma siyana pakati intraspecific zviratidzo kuti pakupedzisira kutungamirira mapoka matsva evanhu. Sezvo kusiyana marongerwo uye nzira okuwana zvokudya kuri zvakawanda raidudzwa, mapoka vanotanga kupararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kana imwe nzvimbo kwave akabvumira, zvakafanana zvinodiwa nezvokudya, panguva, apo zvokudya richava shoma, vachafanira kusiya nzvimbo uye kuti ajairane ezvinhu akasiyana. Kana munzvimbo iyoyo, pane mhando nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana, makwikwi pakati pavo huduku zvikuru.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa sei shanduka siyana acho - iri 7 nondo marudzi chokuita nomumwe: poro ichi, nondo, Elk, makwapa nondo, wakagara nondo, nemhara nemhembwe uye musk.

Species rurefu mwero siyana, vane mukana kusiya zvimwe mwana uye zvishoma kukwikwidzana mumwe. Kana zviratidzo siyana chinosimbiswa, vagari rakakamurwa Sub-marudzi, izvo, semubairo dzinongoitika selection, anogona pakupedzisira kuva yoga rudzi.

vemunharaunda

Convergence ainziwo shanduka zvipenyu mugadziriro, izvo kwakaguma chokuita kwemarudzi kuonekwa nevakawanda zvinhu. Muenzaniso convergence ndiyo kufanana muviri chimiro Dolphins (mhuka), Sharks (hove) uye ichthyosaurs (nezvinokambaira). Ndiyo mugumisiro ariko iri chete ezvinhu uye zvakafanana ezvinhu oupenyu. Laza uye nedzvinyu CHIDHAMBAKURA zvakare vari chokuita, asi zvikuru zvakafanana chitarisiko. Mapapiro tiri muenzaniso convergence. Zviremwaremwa uye shiri zvaitika nokuchinja kubva forelegs, asi fura riri kuvaka-kwemuviri. Convergence iwayo akakurumbira pakati kwemarudzi kusiyana panyika.

parallelism

Izwi iri rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki "parallelos", iro rinoreva "kuuya raitevera", uye shanduro iri tsananguro zvainonyatsoreva zvakanaka. Concurrency ndiwo muitiro kuzvimirira pakuunganidza yakafanana STRUCTURAL zviri pakati kufanana nemagene mapoka, kuitika nokuda pamberi features, nhaka kubva zvakafanana madzitateguru. Izvi mhando yemhindumupindu iri rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa. Muenzaniso ndicho chimiro zvimbi vakaita mano kuti aqueous svikiro iri walruses otariids uye phocids achiumbwa zvakafanana. Pakati zhinji mapapiro zvipembenene paiva iya iri pamberi mapapiro elytra. In Crossopterygii pane zviratidzo amphibians uye mhuka-kufanana dzvinyu, pane zviratidzo mhuka. Kuvapo parallelism anoratidza kwete chete kubatana Origin of Species, asiwo kuvapo ezvinhu akafanana.