Chakaita zvokugadzirwa nedzidziso yemhindumupindu

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa nedzidziso yemhindumupindu akasikwa pachishandiswa nokushamwaridzana mumakore 20 ikoroji, genetics yaDarwin. Nhasi, riri kuonekwa kupfuura kwakakwana uye yakatanga zvikuru wakakwana. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yemhindumupindu mudzidziso ari dzekare vokuparidzira genetics yaDarwin.

Wokutanga yokusuma nemagene nzira yakanga Chetverikov Sergey. Muna 1926 akabudisa imwe nyaya apo shanduka upenyu (mune dzimwe zvinhu) zvakurukurwa kubva pfungwa nemaonero genetics. In basa rake Chetverikov vakauya anoverengeka zvokudya. Muenzaniso wavo rwokuzvarwa Nhamba yevanhu vanogara Drosophila vakatorwa. Saka, musayendisiti akawana zvinotevera:

1. Kunotouraya zvakasikwa kuitika nguva dzose.
2. Recessive kuchinja zvinogona kuramba nokusingaperi mune heterozygous mamiriro.
3. Aine -wedzera kunotouraya panguva imwe mhando zviratidzo zviri anoputsa pamusoro nguva (sezvavanokura).
4. Mikuru interspecies Kusiyanisa zvikonzero zviri magene kushanduka uye voga.
5. Panmixia (vakasununguka kuyambuka) zvinotungamirira polymorphism uye kusarudzwa - munhu monomorphism kwemarudzi.

The dzidziso vakaisawo Chetverikov, zvinoratidza kuti kuunganidza achishandisa anongoitika kunotouraya kubatsira adaptive directionality, pamusoro kosi kukura. Akaramba Kugadzirwa kudzidzisa nhaka kwezvinhu Russian akadai Romashov, Timofeev Resovskii Vavilov, Dubinin nevamwe. Mabasa aya nemamwe nhamba vakaumba chinzvimbo pamusoro izvo chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.

In yechi30 Mugore Wright Holdeymsa, Fischer nheyo kukura kudzidzisa kuMadokero.

Mumwe mabasa ekutanga apo chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, kwayo chaizvoizvo, mumwe monograph musi Dobzhansky yakanga makaisa kwakabva kwemarudzi uye genetics. Pepa iri pfungwa yakanga rinotarisa adzidze zvigadziriswe yokugara nevanhu wegadziriro maererano kwomudzimu siyana zvinokonzera. Zvinhu, kunyanya zvinosanganisira kuvabereki variability, kuti nokufamba kwenhamba yevanhu maererano siyana vanhu, kutama. A guru simba uye zvinokonzera shanduka uye dzokubereka voga riri kuumbwa mukati dzinowanika siyana.

Chinhu mupiro huru chitange kudzidzisa Schmalhausen. Maererano okusika Kubatanidzwa embryology, shanduka dzidziso, paleontology, Morphology uye genetics, masayendisiti zvinoitiswa zvakadzama tsvakurudzo reshiyo phylogeny uye ontogeny, akaongorora chikuru nezvemaitiro shanduka uye vakatanga kuwanda zvikuru zvokudya mazuva ano pfungwa.

Pakati rinokosha chinzvimbo chikuru tsvakurudzo ndiro basa Huxley, "shanduka. The ano kwetunhu". Zvikuru vaivawo kudzidza siyana uye dziine kukura kwakaitwa Simpson.

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso pazvikanganiso gumi nerimwe mikuru postulates. Dzavo muchidimbu akagadzira Vorontsov.

1. Kunotouraya, sezvo duku discrete kuchinja yedzinza vanoonekwa shanduka zvinhu kuti chero.
2. Main, kusvika pamwero wakati, kunyange chete kukonzera pakukura kuonekwa munhu wechisikigo selection, iyo inobva kusarudzwa diki uye chero kunotouraya.
3. Zviduku hadzisisina vaiona kuva Virtual kwevanhu.
4. Development ane gradation (zvishoma) uye chinoramba hunhu.
5. View inosanganisira reproductively voga dzakabatana zhinji pasi uye panguva imwecheteyo distinguishable (morphologically, majini uye physiologically), asi kwete.
6. Evolution kunoda siyana unhu.
7. Feed majini (alleles kuchinjana) anobvumirwa chete mukati rudzi. Panyaya iyi, ndiko (a mhando) anonzi kuva Integrated uye majini Akanyatsovharwa hurongwa.
8. zvivako Kind regai anoshanda siyana kuti bereka asexually kubudikidza parthenogenesis uye.
9. Macroevolution kunoitika kuburikidza microevolutionary.
10. taxon Real ane monofiliticheskoe mavambo (zvinoreva chimwe chimiro yemadzitateguru).
11. Shanduka inofanira nezvimwewo, ane zvisiri achitaura hunhu mukuru chinangwa.