Experience Rutherford kuputsanya Alpha nezvimedu (pfupi)

Ernest Rutherford - iyi ndiyo imwe havaoni inokosha dzidziso womukati nemamiriro atomu. Iye wakaberekerwa musayendisiti muEngland, mumhuri vatama vachibva Scotland. Rutherford aiva mwana chechina mumhuri yake, panguva iyoyo aiva zvikuru unyanzvi. The Mupiro chaiye aigona kuita kuti dzidziso mabhomba mamiriro.

Initial pfungwa nemamiriro atomu

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti asati waiitwa kuedza Rutherford wakakurumbira pamusoro kuputsanya Arifa nezvimedu, kureva panguva iyoyo pfungwa sechivako atomu waiva muenzaniso Thompson. musayendisiti ichi aivimba kuti zvakanaka kupomera iri noruvara anozadza rose Vhoriyamu atomu. The isakarurama mhosva maerekitironi, Thompson akafunga, vakanga zvichipomerwa splashes mariri.

Prerequisites kune masayendisiti chimurenga

Abva chikoro, Rutherford sendarama matarenda mudzidzi akawana ngaamuitire kuti £ 50 kuti kudzidziswa. Nokuda kwaizvozvi akakwanisa kuenda kukoreji New Zealand. Next, wechiduku nyanzvi bvunzo paUniversity weCanterbury uye vakatanga kukoshesa kudzidza wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Muna 1891, Rutherford akaita ake Mushumo panyaya wokutanga "The Evolution of okunze." Rakanga akasarudzwa imwe pfungwa kokutanga munhoroondo kuti atomu yakaoma chivakwa.

Zvadaro hunodzorwa pfungwa Dalton kuti maatomu vari indivisible mune madenderedzwa zvesayenzi. Avo kumativi Rutherford, pfungwa yake sokuti zvikuru kuvapengesa. Young musayendisiti kuramba aifanira ruregerero navo nokuda kwavo "zvinhu." Asi makore 12 gare gare, Rutherford achiri vakakwanisa kuratidza nyaya yavo. In Rutherford aiva mukana kuramba tsvakurudzo ake panguva Cavendish Laboratory muEngland, apo akatanga kudzidza dzinotsanagura mhepo ionization. Kuwanikwa Rutherford rokutanga vaiva Arifa Beta mwaranzi.

kuona Rutherford

Muchidimbu pamusoro yokutanga angamuudza kuti: muna 1912, Rutherford vake vabatsiri akanga yake yakakurumbira kuedza - Alpha nezvimedu chaibwinya kubva panobva achitungamirira. nezvimedu vose kunze avo kuti akazviratidza takabatikana kutungamirira, kutamira pamwe munhu wakaiswa mugero. Yavo nepaburi rukova chiitiko pamusoro mutete paiva foil. mutsetse Izvi perpendicular kuti jira. Experience Rutherford kuputsanya Alpha nezvimedu kwakaratidza kuti avo nezvimedu vanopfuura kuburikidza Pepa foil kuburikidza, saka akadana scintillation akaita pamusoro chidzitiro.

Chidzitiro Izvi zvemapuranga aine zvinhu chaiyo iyo glows kana akarova nemunhu Alpha PARTICIPLE. The nzvimbo pakati paiva zvendarama foil uye chinovhara ikazadzwa vacuüm it kuti Alpha nezvimedu vanoparadzirwa mudenga. zano kwakadaro kwakaita vaongorori kuchengeta nezvimedu vanopararira kuburikidza necheparutivi kuti 150 °.

Kana foil harishandiswi se chipingamupinyi danda yeAlpha nezvimedu, chidzitiro aumba rakajeka pedenderedzwa scintillations. Asi tisati vakaisa chipingamupinyi danda yendarama foil, mufananidzo yachinja. Nzvongo akazviratidza kwete chete kunze denderedzwa ichi, asiwo divi racho foil. Experience Rutherford kuputsanya Alpha nezvimedu yakaratidza kuti vazhinji nezvimedu nomunyika foil pasina kuoneka kuchinja trajectory.

Zvisinei, vamwe nezvimedu vari vakatsauka pedyo zvakanaka guru yorusvingo, uye kunyange kukandwa shure. On nomumwe 10 000 pachena achipfuura paiva nezvimedu zvendarama foil mumwe chete dzikatsauka nokuda necheparutivi kwazvo 10 ° - ive Kusara mumwe nezvimedu vakatsauka pane necheparutivi.

Chikonzero Arifa nezvimedu vakatsauka

Chii umboo vaiona nekusimba njanji rekodhi Rutherford - nemamiriro atomu. Kwakadaro nzvimbo zvichiratidza kuti atomu haisi dzidzo kuramba. Vazhinji nezvimedu vakasununguka ichipfuura foil mumwe atomu gobvu. Uye sezvo vakawanda yeAlpha nezvimedu kusvika 8000 nguva yakakura kupfuura vazhinji pakati Erekitironi, yokupedzisira kugona kuchikosha zvainoita trajectory yeAlpha inoramba. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa bedzi ane mabhomba neerekitironi - muviri diki saizi, ane anenge mukanyiwa uye zvose yemagetsi vebasa atomu. Panguva iyoyo yaiva chinokosha budiriro yefizikisi British. Zvakaitika Rutherford ndiyo imwe nhanho inokosha kukura sayenzi womukati nemamiriro atomu.

Other Zvakawanikwa vakawana panguva kudzidza atomu

Zvidzidzo izvi zvakava zvakananga uchapupu hwokuti akanaka chamakarairwa atomu riri paro. nharaunda iyi anopindura chidukuduku nzvimbo zvichienzaniswa kukura kuvimbika kwayo. Bhuku rino duku achiparadzira Alpha nezvimedu akazviratidza hatitarisiri. nezvimedu idzo akapfuura pedo maatomu musimboti, akaedzwa unopinza zvarakasiya panzira, nokuti sembura simba pakati Arufa PARTICIPLE uye mabhomba neerekitironi vaiva simba chaizvo. Rutherford kwakaita kuputsanya Arifa nezvimedu yakaratidza rinofanira Arifa PARTICIPLE unowana zvakananga kupinda tsanga. Zvisinei, mukana wokuti muduku zvikuru, asi kwete razero.

Yakanga isiri chete chokwadi kuti kunoratidzwa nezvakaitika Rutherford. Dzokororai akadzidza nemamiriro atomu nevamwe vake, uyo akaita zvimwe zvakawanwa zvinokosha. Kunze vachidzidzisa kuti Arufa nezvimedu vari inoita nehelium nuclei.

The musayendisiti akakwanisa kutsanangura nemamiriro atomu, umo musimboti ane nzvimbo diki chikamu yose vhoriyamu. kuedza ake akaratidza kuti anongoda kupomera yose atomu iri kusimbiswa mukati paro. Kana izvi zvaitika vacho kutsaudzira yeAlpha-inoramba uye nyaya kudhumhana zvavo neerekitironi.

Kuedza muenzaniso Rutherford renyukireya pamusoro atomu

Muna 1911, Rutherford pashure zveBhaibheri zvakawanda kunoburitsa muenzaniso mabhomba mamiriro, zvaakanga inonzi yemapuraneti. Maererano womuenzaniso iyi, akaronga mukati atomu chinoumba ine anenge mukanyiwa yose PARTICIPLE. Maerekitironi kufamba famba musimboti zvakafanana sezvinoitwa mapuraneti kunhivi zuva. Of seti yavo Yaunoti Erekitironi gore. Atomu anewo kwazvakarerekera nokuchengeta, sezvo zvakaitika Rutherford.

Sechivako ane atomu mune remangwana Concerned Scientists ainzi Niels Bohr. Ndiye yakanatswa ari Rutherford dzidziso, nekuti kusvikira Bohr yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu vakatanga nezvinetso tsananguro. Sezvo Erekitironi kunoita kumativi musimboti iri muchadenga neumwe kumhanyisa, pakupedzisira unofanira inowira musimboti ane atomu. Zvisinei, Niels Bohr akakwanisa kuti mitemo dzenhoroondo hurongwa havachisiri kushingaira mukati atomu.