Allotropic okunatsiridza

Allotrope rinoreva mano maatomu ari chinhu kuti aumbe rakasiyana-siyana nyore zvinhu. Saka aumba yeimwe zvakasiyana mumwe.

Allotropic okunatsiridza vari yakatsiga. The Kugara kumanikidzwa mamiriro, pane imwe tembiricha, izvi zvinhu zvinogona kufamba oga mumwe.

Allotropic okunatsiridza ingangoumbwa pamusoro mamorekuru vane yakasiyana nhamba kwemaatomu. Somuenzaniso, kuti chinhu okisijeni siyana ozone (O3) uye chaiko fuma okisijeni (O2).

Allotropic okunatsiridza zvingava zvinhu zvakaoma kuva akasiyana sekristaro mamiriro. yeimwe kwakadaro zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, nedhaimani uye graphite. Izvi zvinhu - kabhoni allotropic nadzurudzo. Izvi kwemakemikari chingasataurwa kuumba shanu nyore zvinhu: hexagonal uye cubic nedhaimani, graphite, carbyne (kaviri).

Hexagonal nedhaimani inowanikwa meteorites uye vakagadzirira murabhoritari kubudikidza kwenguva refu kudziyisa pasi pokudzora refu kuvafurira.

Diamond zvinozivikanwa, ndiwo chakaomesesa pane zvinhu zvose zviripo zvakasikwa. Pachirehwa kana drilling dombo uye vakatema rinoonekera. Diamond kwakanyatsojeka Hauoneki crystalline fuma iyo ine yakakwirira svetoprelomlyaemostyu. Diamond crystals vane chiso zvakatinakira cubic napamahwindo. Hafu sekristaro maatomu iri panguva nzvimbo micheto uye vertices pamusoro kuutio, uye akasara hafu maatomu - panguva nzvimbo nezviso vertices imwe kuutio, izvo zvaizopedza hama wokutanga zvataurwa nzvimbo diagonal. Tetrahedral maatomu vanoumba-dimensional matatu afoot umo vane covalent chisungo.

Zvose zvokutanga zvinhu chete kwemangoda aripo kufadza nhamba kwemaatomu, izvo vanoda chaizvo dzine. Naizvozvo, mukomboni yakasimba chaizvo uye aoma. Kunogara chisungo mu kabhoni tetrahedra zvinopa dzakakwirira namakemikari nemishonga. At nedhaimani kunogona chete fluorine kana okisijeni ari tembiricha rworwendo masere.

Pasina kuwana mhepo pasi simba kudziyisa pakati nedhaimani iri wakashandurwa kusvika graphite. fuma iyi chinomiririrwa crystals rima pfumbu ruvara. Graphite ane simba esimbi Sheen. Panguva kubatwa ane jikichira fuma. Graphite akatsiga kuti vakuchidzire, ane hwakanyatsorwisa yakakwirira chafariz uye magetsi conductivity. The fuma rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi mapenzura.

Carbyne akagadzirira zvokugadzirwa nevanhu. Black ichi chakasimba ane rinoonekera kubwinya. Pasina kuwana mhepo pasi kudziyisa carbyne dzikwanise graphite.

Pane chimwe chimiro kabhoni - amorphous kabhoni. Izvi mamiriro unordered inotengwa nevanhu muchidziisa kabhoni tubhokisi yeimwe. Large marasha deposits anowanikwa dzomusango. Panyaya iyi, nefuma ane mhando dzakawanda. Coal inogona anomirirwa muchimiro chin'ai, mapfupa kwaIsakari, kana chemubhotoro.

Sezvo kare akaratidza, mumwe allotropic nadzurudzo yacho chinhu vanoonekwa ne zvakasiyana interatomic marongerwo. Uyezve, havana rusununguko zvakasiyana zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvivako.

Sarufa chinhu chimwe chinhu aigona allotropes. fuma iyi rinoshandiswa murume kubva munguva dzekare. Pane zvakasiyana allotropic okunatsiridza rwesarufa. Chinonyanya dzakakurumbira ndechokuti rhombic. It inomiririrwa tsvuku hwakasimba. Rhombic sarufa haina wetted nemvura (floats). pfuma iyi rinoshandiswa dzokubudisa iri fuma. Rhombic sarufa iri soluble mune zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. The fuma ine murombo zvemagetsi uye chafariz conductivity.

Uyezve, pane mapurasitiki uye monoclinic nesarufa. Wokutanga ndiwo shava amorphous (rabha-kufanana) guru. Zvinonzi kuumbwa, kana mvura inotonhora kudurura sarufa wakaumbwa. Monoclinic seanoti rima tsvuku tsono. Achifuridzirwa ambient (kana paiva kuti) zvose izvi okunatsiridza tembiricha zvakaitika munzvimbo rhombic sarufa.