Matambudziko nokuti mhinduro uye nzira aidzivisa

Nekugadzirisa matambudziko ari mhinduro chinhu chikamu chinokosha pamusoro kemisitiri kosi muchikoro ano. Nokuti vana vazhinji, mune mamwe matambudziko pakuita Masvomhu nokushaya pfungwa pamusoro basa kutevedzana. Ongorora mamwe mazwi kuti inosanganisira kugadzirisa dambudziko iri kemisitiri, uye mienzaniso makagadzirira akagadzirwa mhinduro.

The chikamu muzana wevasungwa

Mabasa zvinosanganisira kugadzirira uye sarudzo zvikuru. Sezvo iri mhando wevasungwa inoratidzwa muzvikamu kurema, zvinokwanisika kuti kuziva zviri pfuma iri mhinduro.

Akati uwandu chinhu quantitative hunhu yaida chinetso chacho. Zvichienderana mhando basa, zvakakodzera kuona mutsva wevasungwa kufarira, kuverenga vakawanda nyaya kuverenga bhuku mhinduro.

The matadza wevasungwa

Vamwe matambudziko wevasungwa pakati mhinduro dzinoitwa nokutsunga uwandu fuma iri bhuku solvent. The vamapoka mutengo uyu nhuta / l.

Kosi yacho pakaitika izvi mhando kuitika chete panguva mukuru chikoro revarombo.

Kunyanya mabasa ari mhinduro

Hedzino dzimwe mhinduro kuti dambudziko wekemisitiri nechisarudzo kuratidza kutevedzana kwezviitiko zviito kana parsing. Chokutanga, tinoona kuti zvinokwanisika kuti vanodhirowa kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti zvinorondedzerwa nyaya zvidzidzo. Kana kutsvakwa, munhu anogona kuzochera basa uye tafura umo kutanga uye mukakumbira zvakawanda zvakakumikidzwa.

Objective 1

Ngarava ine 5 litres 15% mhinduro munyu, akadurura marita manomwe mvura. Kuona chikamu wevasungwa zviri pafuma itsva zvichachipedza.

Kuti tizive zvinodiwa kukosha, runotaurwa X. Mune quantitative maererano ngaaverenge zviri pafuma rokutanga mhinduro kana 5 kane 0,15, tinowana 0.75 magiramu.

Takazotendeuka ngaaverenge Kurema mhinduro itsva, vakapiwa kuti kudirwa 7 litres emvura, uye kuwana 12 magiramu.

Kuwana kugutsikana chikamu munyu iri mhinduro inobva kutsunga kukosha ichi, tinowana: (0.75: 12) x 100% = 6.25%

Mumwe muenzaniso basa chokuita nokushandiswa ari Masvomhu ari kwemasvomhu zvinoenderana.

basa 2

zvikuru sei mhangura zvakayerwa inofanira kuwedzerwa kuti nhindi yendarira vane uremu 8 makirogiramu, ine 13 muzana yakaisvonaka simbi, kuwedzera chikamu emhangura 25%.

zvinetso izvozvo mhinduro zvaanoitawo kutanga kuona mukanyiwa rakachena mhangura kwokutanga chiwanikwa. Unogona kushandisa kwemasvomhu zvinoenderana. Mugumisiro ndechokuti gobvu ndiro: 8 X 0.13 = 1.04 makirogiramu

Tora aida ukoshi kuti X (magiramu), nepo chiwanikwa itsva tinowana kukosha kwayo (1.04 + x) makirogiramu. Ratidza kurema kunoguma chiwanikwa, tinowana: (8 + x) makirogiramu.

Chinetso simbi tigutsikane ari chikamu mune chiwanikwa itsva 25 muzana, anogona kuumba kwemasvomhu mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.

Various kugadzirisa dambudziko zvinosanganisira bvunzo zvinhu kuti ritsigire padanho ruzivo nemakirasi nyaya gumi. Heano mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu uye sarudzo mabasa iyi mhando.

basa 3

Sarudza bhuku (pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu) negasi iro rave yaunganidzwa pashure kwokubatsira 0.3 mol rakachena aruminiyamu muna 160 ml inodziya 20% potassium hydroxide mhinduro (1.19 g / Rine mamiririta).

The kutevedzana kwezviitiko Masvomhu mune dambudziko iri:

1. First kuona kurema mhinduro.
2. Next ngaaverenge uwandu alkali.
3. The parameters vakawana vari tichienzanisa mumwe, yokushomeka akatsunga. Tevera Masvomhu kunze pamusoro fuma, wakabatwa kukwana akawanda.
4. Yokunyora mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kuti zvakaitwa kuitika pakati kutanga zvinhu, isu kuronga stereochemical coefficients. We kuita kukarukureta mune mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.

Weight kushandiswa basa alkali anogadzirisa 160 X 1.19 = 190.4 d

Kurema fuma achava 38,08 magiramu. Huwandu alkali wakatorwa - 0.68 nhuta. In ezvinhu rinoti kuti uwandu aruminiyamu 0.3 mol, saka muna chipo kushaya ino chaiyo simbi.

Tevera Masvomhu itakurwe nawo payo. Zvakaratidza kuti gasi vhoriyamu achava 0.3 X 67.2 / 2 = 10.08 litres.

Matambudziko nokuti mhinduro iyi mhando kudzidza kukonzera kunonyanyisa kunyara. Chikonzero neotrabotannosti chiito sequences, uyewo pasina aumba pfungwa pamusoro dzinokosha masvomhu.

basa 4

Matambudziko chokuita "mhinduro" ringabatanidza tsanangudzo akachena fuma pane akafanorongerwa chikamu nouipi. Heuno muenzaniso rakadai kuti vakomana havana simuka nematambudziko ayo Implementation.

Ngaaverenge Vhoriyamu gasi yakawanikwa pasi zvinoitwa kuramba sulfuric asidhi muna 292,5 g munyu ne 20% tsvina.

The kutevedzana yezviito:

1. Apa kuti dambudziko rinoreva pamberi 20 muzana nouipi, zvakafanira kutsanangura zviri pafuma uremu (80%).
2. Prescribes nemakemikari akaita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, isu kuronga stereochemical coefficients. Mari kumhuka gasi vhoriyamu kukarukureta kushandisa matadza vhoriyamu.

Kurema fuma, inobva chokwadi kuti pane tsvina vakawana 234 magiramu. Uye panguva computation kuti mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi, tinowana kuti vhoriyamu yakaenzana 89,6 litres.

Objective 5

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinhu kuchikoro zvidzidzo kubva mune dambudziko kemisitiri pamusoro dambudziko? Heuno muenzaniso basa chokuita kudikanwa ngaaverenge guru chigadzirwa.

Lead sulfide (II), kuva uremu 95,6 g, iri vakaita pamwe 300 milliliters ane 30% mhinduro rehydrogen peroxide (arambe achirema 1,1222 g / Rine mamiririta). The kuita chigadzirwa iri (mu magiramu) ...

Zvinofanira kugadzirisa dambudziko:

1. Zvinhu Solutions kushandura kuburikidza kukura mune uremu.
2. Next, isu huwandu nomumwe kutanga chikamu.
3. Pashure kuenzanisa migumisiro vakawana, tinosarudza mashoko icho wakabatwa kukwana akawanda.
4. Masvomhu rwaiitwa chaizvo maererano nefuma kutora ari kunaka.
5. Anoenzanisa makemikari nekuita ngaaverenge kurema zvisingazivikanwi fuma.

Compute ari peroxide mhinduro, zvakanga 336,66 magiramu. Kurema fuma kuchaita anoenderana 100,99 magiramu. Compute uwandu moles, zvichava 2,97. vatungamirire sulfide iri 95,6 / 239 = 0,4 mol (zviri nokushaiwa).

Anoenzanisa makemikari kudyidzana. Sarudza maererano zano uye kuwana aida kukosha 121,2 magiramu.

basa 6

Find gasi uwandu (mol) iyo inogona kugadzirwa nezvinhu chafariz annealing, 5,61 makirogiramu esimbi sulfide (II), kuva wakachena 80%.

Procedure:

1. We ngaaverenge mambure kurema Fes.
2. Nyora mukana wokuti vanhu vanga makemikari maitiro pamwe mumhepo okisijeni. Pakuita Masvomhu nokuda kuita.

By yakaisvonaka fuma uremu ichava 4488, nhamba dzakaonekwa chazvo ndicho 51 fő.

Target 7

Pakati 134,4 litres (NTP) rwesarufa oxide (4) mhinduro rakagadzirwa. Kwairi yakadirana 1,5 fő 25% mhinduro kubva yavaibvisa hydroxide (1.28 g / Rine mamiririta). Kuona kurema zvichiguma munyu.

The kukarukureta algorithm:

1. Tinotarisira uremu alkali mhinduro maererano fomura.
2. Tinowana uremu uye uwandu moles ose yavaibvisa hydroxide.
3. Compute zvakafanana nesarufa oxide (4).
4. Nhamba yacho vakagamuchira indekisi iri pakutsvaga Kuronga munyu kuumbwa, kutsanangura kuvamirira. Masvomhu zvaiitwa musi kunaka.
5. Nyora makemikari maitiro pamwe coefficients ngaaverenge mutsva uremu nokushaiwa munyu.

Somugumisiro, tinowana:

• uwandu alkali mhinduro 1171.875 magiramu;
• maererano nokurema yavaibvisa hydroxide kuti 292,97 magiramu;
• mu moles venhumbi mabhati 7.32 mol;
• zvakafanana maitiro kuverenga sarufa oxide (4), tinowana 6 mol;
• kureva munyu chichagadzirirwa kubudikidza kudyidzana;
• Tinowana 756 magiramu.

Target 8

To 100 magiramu 10% mhinduro kubva Ammonium chloride yakadirana 100 g ane 10% mhinduro sirivha nitrate. Sarudza kurema (mu magiramu) precipitate.

The kukarukureta algorithm:

1. We ngaaverenge uremu uye uwandu pafuma Ammonium chloride.
2. Tinotarisira uremu uye uwandu munyu zvinhu - sirivha nitrate.
3. Kusarudza pakati kutanga zvinhu akatorwa mu kukwana zvakawanda, kuita Masvomhu payo.
4. Nyora mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nazvo yomuka, isu mutakure mumwe kuverenga kubva emadhaka guru.

Holrida Ammonium uremu iri 10 g, uwandu - 0.19 nhuta. Silver nitrate akanga akatorwa 10 magiramu, kuti ndiye 0,059 nhuta. Mune Masvomhu pakati nedosttaku kuwana 8.46 magiramu zviri munyu vakawanda.

Kutsungirira mabasa akaoma, izvo zvinobayirwa iri ndechekuti mugiredhi rechipfumbamwe uye wegumi (panguva mwero neogranicheskoy kemisitiri), unofanira varidzi algorithms uye vamwe unyanzvi kombiyuta. Uyezve, zvinokosha neImba mabikirwo vaigadzirira makemikari equations, kuti kukwanisa kuisa prices kwacho.

Pasina unyanzvi hunokosha izvi, kunyange nyore basa yokuziva chikamu wevasungwa zviri pafuma iri mhinduro kana musanganiswa zvichaita sokuti kudzidza zvakaoma uye zvakakomba.