Nhasi masayenzi emutemo. Sangano rezvemitemo uye dzidzo yepamutemo

Mutemo (kana mutemo) sayenzi iri kudzidza mvumo yepamutemo muhurumende. Icho chikamu chepurogiramu yekudzidzira kune vanyori vezvemhosva uye vamwe vanhu vane basa ravo rinoenderana nedare.

Kukosha kwemitemo

Nhasi, sayenzi yemazuva ano ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzevanhu. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti muzana remakore rechi20, kukunda komutemo kwakagadzwa munyika yose. Zvose zvakakosha zvehutano zvinotungamirirwa nenzira imwe neimwe nedzimwe mitemo yepamutemo. Ndiyo sayenzi yepamutemo inodziongorora. Ivo ruzivo rwunobatanidza nayo rwune chinangwa chakashandiswa zvakananga. Pasina magweta uye magweta, hazvibviri kupa hukama hwepamutemo pakati pehurumende nemasangano.

Nokufamba kwenguva, nyika yepamutemo yepamutemo yepamutemo, iyo inogadzira mamiriyoni eongororo gore negore. Kazhinji, kurovedza kunogoverwa kuva maitiro akawanda. Somuenzaniso, muU.S., Mexico, UK uye dzimwe nyika huru, danho rokutanga redzidzo rinotora makore matatu. Pakupera, mudzidzi anogamuchira dhigirii. Mushure meimwe nzira imwe, mudzidzi anova nyanzvi yemutemo.

Mhedzisiro yemitemo

Kunyange kare kare, kwaiva nesayenzi yepamutemo, kunyanya, izvo zvaidiwa. Vakaberekwa uye vakavandudzika sezvo mutemo wakakura mumagariro ekare. Kazhinji, mitemo yepamutemo yaibatanidzwa nechitendero. Somuenzaniso, muJudhea, mitemo yakadzidziswa maererano nemagwaro eBhaibheri.

Panguva imwecheteyo, muGreece yeGreece, zvikoro zvokutanga zvakabuda, apo sayenzi yepamutemo yakadzidziswa munguva yemazuva ano. Muzvematongerwo enyika pane mafilosofi, apo, pamwe nemitemo, vaidzidzisa kutaura. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti panguva iyoyo pfungwa ye "sayenzi yepamutemo" yakanga isingaparadzanisi kubva kune zivo yakawanda. Kune vaGiriki vekare, pakanga pasina mazano akasiyana. Vadzidzisi (vazivi) vaidzidza masayenzi ose panguva imwe chete.

MuRome, mutemo wakagamuchira chimwe chikonzero chekusimudzira. Pakutanga muguta rino, zivo yemitemo yaivawo ropafadzo yevapristi. Zvisinei, pakutanga kwezana remakore rokutanga AD, chikoro chokutanga chemutemo, chakatangwa naSabine, chakasimbiswa muRoma. Izwi rekudzidza mune iyi sangano raiva makore mana. Zvishoma nezvishoma, zvikoro zvakafanana zvaive mune mamwe maguta makuru (Constantinople, Athens, Beirut neAlexandria).

Mutemo weRoma

MuRoma, mamiriro emutemo ezuva ranhasi akaberekwa. Zvinhu zvayo zvinogona kuwanika pane chero ipi zvayo yemitemo. Iwe wakakwanisa sei kuchengeta zivo iyi kwemazana emakore akawanda? Mushure mezvose, muzana remakore rekutanga BC. E. Roma yakawa, uye hupenyu hwose hwekare hwekare hwakaputsika pakati pevanhu vemarudzi ose. Mhinduro yacho iri nyore. Umambo hweRoma hwaiva nemutsivi wepamutemo, Byzantium. Yaiva mune ino mamiriro ekutanga ehurumende nehurumende yakachengetedzwa.

Mitemo yemitemo yakagamuchirwa muRoma yekare inozivikanwa semutemo weRoma. Mazuva ano chirango ichi chikamu chechikamu chepurogiramu pane imwe nhengo yemutemo. Mumakore 530-533. MuByzantium, the Justinian Code yakasikwa , umo ruzivo urwu rwakanga rwagadziriswa. Nhasi masayendisiti emutemo haaigona kuvapo kunze kwebhuku iri. Iyo inozivikanwawo seyo Digest.

Kukosha kweMitemo yeRoma

Murairo yeRoma (uye gare gare muIndaneti), pfungwa dzechirevo chemitemo dzakagadziriswa. Chinyanya kukosha kwavari chaiva chirevo chokuti hurumende ndiyo chikonzero chechibvumirano chakasimbiswa pakati pevagari vemo. Kune vagari vomunharaunda, kusikwa kwehurongwa hwakajeka wesimba kunokosha kuti ugadzirise zvinetso zvevanhu zvakakosha.

Izvo kare muRoma yekare, maiva nemitemo yekutonga, iyo yakabva pakuenzana. Icho chaive nechiyero chimwechete chemutoro wevamwe vagari venyika kuhurumende. Vanhu vanogona kurarama munharaunda yehupenyu huripo chete kana dzimwe tsika dzakagamuchirwa zviito zvinorambidza zvinoputsa kodzero dzevagari venyika. Iyi ndiyo mitemo. Nyanzvi dzemitemo iyi dzakava magweta uye dzinodzivirira vanhu mudare kana kodzero dzavo dzichirwiswa.

Shanduro yepamutemo muRussia uye kune dzimwe nyika yose yakavakwa zvikuru pamusoro pemashandisirwo akashandiswa nemagweta muGuta Rokusingaperi. Izvi hazvishamisi kana mumwe achiziva kuti kubvira panguva iyo hurumende yehurumende uye hukama hwayo nesangano hazvina kuchinja zvakawanda.

Kugamuchira mutemo weRoma

Zvigadziro zvemurairo weRoma zvakange zvakasikwa. Vakaramba vachishandiswa kunyange mushure mokunge nyika yekare yakasara munguva yakapfuura. Ichi chinoshamisa chinonzi kutambira mutemo weRoma. Iyi nzira ine maitiro akawanda. Vakashandura zvichienderana nedzimwe nyika.

Mutemo weRoma unogona kuva chinhu chokudzidza, kupindura nekutsvakurudza. Muchiitiko ichi, mitemo yayo nemitemo hazvibvumirwi zvakananga. Sarudza mimwe yemitemo iyo iri mumutemo wemazuva ano. Iyi ndiyo nzira iri nyore uye isingazivikanwi yekugamuchira.

Mune dzimwe nguva, mutemo weRoma unogona kugamuchirwa zvachose. Kushandiswa kwesayenzi yepamutemo munyaya ino inovandudza nzira dzekushanda nemitemo iyo mitemo iyi yakabuda. Somuenzaniso, vanyori vepamutemo veFrance vezana remakore rechina reXIX pamwe nemitemo yeRoma. Chigumisiro chebasa iri chakaumba nheyo yeChechi yakakurumbira yeNapoleon. Yakasimbisa kukoshesa uye kukosha kwekodzero dzevanhu. Mitemo yakawanda yemazuva ano inobva mumutemo weRoma, kana pamitemo yakagadzirwa muna 1804 muMutemo weNapoleon.

Kutonga kwemhosva muRussia

Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekubuda kwemitemo semasayiti muRussia zvinogona kuwanika mumabhuku eHCII yezana remakore. Hurumende yakaronga kuzivisa dzidziso ye "kururamisira" muSlavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Yaiva yekutanga yepamusoro sangano rekudzidzisa muRussia. Asi zvino pfungwa iyi yakanga isati yamboitika.

Sangano rezvemitemo nemitemo yepamutemo yakava chinhu chinokurumidza kuitika munguva yaPeter Mukuru.Russia Tsar akachinja hurumende. Zvose zvinyorwa zvekare zvakatsiviwa nevana veEuropean. Paiva ne "Tafura yeVanhu" uye mamwe magwaro anotungamirira hupenyu hwehutongi hwekirasi. Basa rehurumende rakagadzirirwa. Zvisinei, mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva, nyika yacho yaida nyanzvi dzakanzwisisa mitemo uye nzira dziri kuitika mukati memichina yemagetsi.

Nokudaro, muna 1715 Peter I akatanga kugadzirira chirongwa chekugadzirwa kwechikoro chakanaka. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, vadzidzi vake vaifanira kushanda mumutambo uye kuongorora kutendeseka kwebasa ravo. Zvisinei, dzidziso yekudzidzira yemitemo yakatanga kune imwe nzvimbo.

Kubuda kwemudzidzi wepamutemo wepamutemo

Muna 1725, Academy of Sciences yeRussia yakagadzwa. Kusvikira kuma1860, mutemo uye nheyo dzezvematongerwe enyika zvakadzidziswa mumasvingo aro. Vadzidzi veSt. Petersburg vakatanga kunzwa nezvechinangwa chesayenzi. Mabasa ehu ruzivo ainyanyisa. Chakanga chiri muzana remakore rechi18 kuti kukura kunoonekwa kwemahofisi kwakaitika, izvo zvisingakwanisi kubudirira kana nhengo dzaro dzisinganzwisisi hurongwa hwehurumende nemitemo.

Mushure mekuvambwa kweKunivhesiti yeMoscow, dzidzo yepamutemo yeRussia yepamutemo yakatanga kudzidziswa mukati memadziro ayo. Panguva imwecheteyo, vadzidzisi vekutanga mumutemo vakakokwa vanyori veGermany. Chero bedzi munguva yaCatherine II vadzidzisi vepamba vekudzidzira uye vaporofesa (somuenzaniso, Semen Desnitsky) vakaonekwa.

Current state

Mutemo weRussia uye dzidzo yepamutemo mumakore achangopfuura akawana kuchinja kukuru kunobatanidza nekutangira munyika yedu yeEuropean model yekudzidzisa vakadzi vezvemitemo. Ichi chinoshamisa chinonziwo " Process Process". Akatora zita rake panzvimbo yekusaina chibvumirano chakafanana. Muna 1999, nyika dzeEurope (Russia yakabatana navo mumakore mana) yakabvumirana kuunza pamwe nekubatanidza dzidzo dzavo dzepamusoro dzakasiyana.

Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzirwa mumagetsi emutemo. Nemazuva ano kuRussia mazinga edzidzo yepamusoro (bachelor's, master's, etc.) zvakanyanya sezvinobvira kuenderana neEuropean maitiro. Urongwa huripo hunobvumira vadzidzi vemayunivhesiti epamba kuti varambe vachidzidza kune dzimwe nyika pasina matambudziko. Nekudaro, sayenzi yepamutemo muRussia inogamuchirwa mamwe ekusimudzirwa kwekuvandudzwa kwayo nenzira yehukama nevanodzidza kune dzimwe nyika.

Dzidziso yeHurumende uye Mutemo

Kutonga kwemhosva kunopatsanurwa mune zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana. Chimwe chazvo ndedzidziso yehurumende uye mutemo, kana kuti TGP yakafukidzirwa. Iyi nyanzvi yakaonekwa mune zveSoviet professorial environment, uye nhasi inoramba iine chirango cheRussia. MuEurope, nyika uye mutemo zvinoongororwa zvakasiyana.

Nzira yepamutemo yesayenzi yeTGP inoona mitemo, mafungiro uye maitiro ekubuda kwemasimba emasimba. Dzidziso iyi inobatanidza pfungwa dzakakosha semhosva, kutongwa kwemutemo, sangano rezvematongerwe enyika, kushandiswa kwemitemo , nezvimwewo.

Nheyo yekusangana kwevanhu

Mune huri huri huri huri, hurumende ine mazano akawanda ezvinyorwa. Kutonga kwemhosva kunodzidza hurumende, hurumende uye mutemo pachako. Asi zviitiko izvi zvine nharo imwechete yekupindirana here?

Dzidziso yehutano hwemagariro evanhu inofunga kuti nyika, mutemo uye hurumende yakasimuka semugumisiro wesungano pakati pevanhu vose. Izwi rezwi rokuti "svomisitiri rezvemitemo" ndiro rose rezvikoro zvinodzidza izvi zvinoshamisa.

Nheyo yesangano rezvemagariro evanhu yakagadzira nheyo yezvinofungwa dzemazuva ano kuti hurumende yakarurama inogona kuvapo chete nemvumo yevatongi vayo. Kwenguva yekutanga pfungwa yakadai yakagadzirwa nechekuzivikanwa weChirungu ainzi Thomas Hobbes muna 1651. Gare gare, nheyo yake yakagadzirwa nevadzidzi vanokosha zvakafanana naJohn Locke naJean-Jacques Rousseau. Kutsvakurudza kwavo kwakakonzera zvikoro zvesayenzi zvakawanda uye mazwi akakurumbira. Semuenzaniso, Hobbes akaratidza kuti musipo kwehurumende, hutsinye kana hondo yevose pamusoro pevose vachatonga.

Psychology Legal

Chikamu chinokosha chesayenzi yepamutemo chakabatana nemabasa ekutsvakurudza uye kupomera mhosva. Pasina mutemo, pakanga pasina mutemo wemhosva. Nguva inokosha yekubuda kwayo muhupenyu hwemazuva ano yaiva yezana remakore rechi20. Paiva nemitemo mitsva yekuitisa tsvakurudzo, nezvimwewo. Muma1960, kuongorora kwepamutemo kwakabuda. Semasayenzi, chikamu ichi chemhosva yepamutemo chinodikanwa kuziva nekutsvaga mhombwe.

Mu forensics, mupfungwa inokosha inokosha zvikuru. Kazhinji mabasa evapambi haatauri, haagoni kutsanangurwa. Munhu anenge aputsa mutemo angave ane mazana emagariro ekuita chiito chinouraya. Kwenyanzvi hwezvematongerwe enyika yakaonekwa seine nzira dzakagadzirirwa kutsvaga maitiro evapambi vemhosva.

Nzira dzepamutemo dzepfungwa

Mhemberero yemazuva ano ye "sayenzi yepamutemo" yakawanda kwazvo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nesangano rakaoma revanhu uye nyika. Ichi chirevo chinosanganisira kusanganisa mazano, kureva, avo avo varipo kumativi ose emamwe masayenzi. Semuenzaniso, sangano rezvemutemo rinoshandisa nzira nemafungiro ezvese zvepfungwa uye magweta ane nheyo dzayo.

Nyaya yake inotsvaga kushamwaridzana, nzira uye zviitiko izvo zvinova izvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa komutemo munzanga. Mitemo yepamutemo inopesana nomunhu wacho. Asi, sekutonga, chikonzero chechiito chake chakavanzwa mune zvakadzama maitiro ane chokuita nehurumende yevanhu.

Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzepamutemo dzine nzira dzinoverengeka dzepasi rose dzinovabatsira mubasa ravo. Semuenzaniso, sarudzo yekuongorora inoongorora hutariro hwechiitiko chinenge chiripo. Nzira yekukurukurirana inofanirwa kuti iwane kubva kumunhu upupuriro hwakarurama pamusoro pezvikonzero zvezviito zvake, izvo zvakaunza kukanganisa komutemo.