Sayenzi inowana uye zvigadzirwa muMiddle Ages. Sayenzi muMiddle Ages

Mazana emakore, anonzi Middle, munhoroondo yenyika imwe neimwe inotora nguva yakasiyana. Pamwechete, sekutonga, iyi ndiro zita remakore kubva kumazana mashanu kusvikira kuma1500, kuverenga kubva 476, apo Western Western Empire yakawa.

Chimiro cheAnticity chakafa pasi pekutambudzwa kwevanhu vasiri vanhu. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei Middle Ages kazhinji inonzi serima kana kusuruvara. Pamwe chete nekuparara kweHumambo hweRoma, chiedza chekufunga, uye kunaka kweunyanzvi, kwakanyangarika. Zvisinei, kuwanikwa kwesayenzi uye zvigadzirwa muMiddle Ages uchapupu hwakanakisisa hwokuti kunyange munguva dzakaoma zvikuru vanhu vanokwanisa kuchengetedza zivo inokosha uye, zvakare zvakare, kuvakudziridza. Chikamu cheizvi chakakonzera chiKristu, asi ruzhinji rwezviitiko zvekare zvakachengetedzwa nekuda kwevadzidzi veArabhu.

Umambo hwekumabvazuva hweRoma

Sayenzi muMiddle Ages yakanga yakanyanyogadzirwa mumatari. Mushure mekuwa kweRoma, nzvimbo yehuchenjeri hwekare yaiva Byzantium, apo panguva iyo kereke yechiKristu yakanga yatotanga kuve yakakurumbira, kusanganisira basa rezvematongerwo enyika. Maibhurari emakoni eConstantinople akachengetedza mabasa evanofungidzirwa zvikuru veGreece neRoma. Kushanda muzana remakore IX, Bhishopi Leo akazvipira nguva yakawanda kumathematics. Akanga ari mumwe wevasayendisiti vokutanga kushandisa tsamba sechiratidzo chemasvomhu, izvo chaizvoizvo zvinomupa kodzero yekumudana mumwe wevaki ve algebra.

Panharaunda yevanyori vemamonari vakagadzira makopi emabasa ekare, mazwi kwavari. Mathematics, yakagadzirwa pasi pemasvingo avo, yakaumba hwaro hwekuvakwa uye yakagoneka kukwanisa kuisa mufananidzo weByzantine unyanzvi se temberi yaHagia Sophia.

Pane zvikonzero zvekutenda kuti Byzantines yakagadzira mapepa, kuenda kuChina neIndia, iyo yaizivikanwa geography uye zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa. Zvisinei, nhasi isu hatizivi zvakawanda zvehutano pamusoro penyika yesayenzi muMiddle Ages munharaunda yeEastern Roman Empire. Akavigwa mumatongo emaguta, nguva dzose anoteererwa nevevengi munguva yose yeByzantine Empire.

Sayenzi munyika dzeArabhu

Zivo yakawanda yekare yakawana kubudirira kwayo kunze kweEurope. Iro caliphate yeArabhu, iyo yakatanga pasi pesimba remadzitateguru ekare, chaizvoizvo yakachengetedza ruzivo kwete chete kune vasiri vanhu, asiwo kubva kuchechi, iyo, apo yaifarira kuchengetwa kweuchenjeri mumatarenda, haina kugamuchira mabasa ose esayenzi, kuedza kuzvidzivirira kubva pakunamata kunopinda. Mushure mechinguva, ruzivo rwekare, rwakawedzerwa uye rwakavandudzwa, rwakadzokera kuEurope.

MuArabic Caliphate muMiddle Ages, nhamba huru yesayenzi yakagadzirwa: geography, uzivi, nyeredzi, masvomhu, optics, uye sayenzi chaiyo.

Numeri uye kufamba kwemapuraneti

Munzira dzakawanda nyanzvi yekuongorora nyeredzi yaive yakabva pamutambo unozivikanwa wePtolemy "Almagest". Zvinonakidza kuti zita rakadaro rakapiwa musayendisiti mushure mekunge ashandurirwa muchiArabic ndokudzoka kuEurope. Vazivi venyeredzi veArabhu havana kuchengetedza ruzivo rwechiGiriki chete, asi vakawedzerawo. Saka, vaifunga kuti Pasi ibhola, uye vanogona kuyera arc yemerieri kuitira kuti vaone kuenzana kwenyika. Masayendisiti eArabhu akapa zita kune nyeredzi dzakawanda, nokudaro achiwedzera tsanangudzo dzakapiwa muA Almagest. Mukuwedzera, mumaguta mashomanana makuru vakavaka zvinyorwa.

Kutsvaga kwemazana emakore uye zvigadzirwa zveArabhu mumunda wemasvomhu zvaive zvakanyanyisa. Iyo iri muIslam inotaura kuti algebra ne trigonometry inotanga. Kunyange shoko rokuti "chimiro" rine chiArabic kubva pakutanga ("sifre" rinoreva "zero").

Relations business

Zvakawanda zvesayenzi zvakawanikwa uye zvigadzirwa muMiddle Ages nemaArabhu zvakakweretwa kubva kune vanhu vaigara vaitengesa. Kuburikidza nenyika dzeIslam muEurope kubva kuIndia nekuChina, kwaive nekambasi, pfuti, mapepa. MaArabhu, zvakare, akanga ari tsanangudzo yezvematongerwo enyika aifanira kufamba nawo, pamwe chete nevanhu vaisangana, kusanganisira vaSlav.

Nyika dzeArabhu dzakavewo dzidziso dzechimiro chekuchinja. Zvinotendwa kuti yakanga iri pano iyo foshoro yakagadzirwa. Kubva mundima yeIslami inotaura, yakatanga kusvika kuByzantium, uye kuWestern Europe.

Sayenzi yechitendero uye yepasi

Tsanangudzo yesayenzi uye zvigadzirwa muMiddle Ages munharaunda yechiKristu yeEurope zvakanyanya kuonekwa mumatari. Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi8, zvakadaro, ruzivo rwakabhadharwa rwakabhadharwa kumagwaro matsvene nechokwadi. Nyaya yesayenzi yakatanga kudzidziswa muzvikoro nemahedheni chete panguva yekutonga kwaCharlemagne. Grammar uye rhetoric, nyanzvi yekuongorora nyeredzi uye manzwiro, masvomiti uye geometry, nemimhanzi (izvo zvinonzi zvinomwe zvisiri zvehutongi) zvaimbova zvingosvikika kune vanokudzwa, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kuumbwa kwakatanga kupararira kune mapoka ose evanhu. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemana, zvikoro pazvivako zvemamambo zvakatanga kushandurwa kuva vunivhesiti. Masangano edzidzo ehurumende akaonekwa zvishoma nezvishoma muFrance, England, Czech Republic, Spain, Portugal, Poland.

Chipo chakakosha pakuvandudzirwa kwesayenzi chakaitwa nemudzidzi wemasvomhu Fibonacci, uyo anonzi Vitellin anonzi naturalist, monk Roger Bacon. Iyo yekupedzisira, kunyanya, yaifunga kuti kukurumidza kwechiedza kune zvakakosha uye kunoteerera kune imwe pfungwa iri pedo nedzidziso yekutsvaga kwayo.

Kufambira mberi kusingafadzi kwekufambira mberi

Zvekugadzira zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa muzana remakore rechi11 nemakore gumi nemashanu zvakapa nyika zvakawanda, pasina izvo zvingange zvisingakwanisi kuzadzikisa huwandu hwekufambira mberi kunhu hunhu hwevanhu nhasi. Nzira dzemvura uye mhepo dzemhepo dzakava dzakakwana . Avhajeni yeawa yakashandura bhero yakayera nguva. Mukati yezana remakore rechigumi nemana, vafambisi vegungwa vakatanga kushandisa kambasi yekuita. Dhawuni, yakaumbwa muChina muzana remakore rechitanhatu uye inotumirwa nemaArab, yakatanga kuita basa rinokosha muEurope mishandirapamwe yemashure chete muzana remakore rechiXIV, apo pfuti yakaumbwa.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemakumi maviri nevatatu veEurope vakanyatsozivawo pepa. Yakasununguka michina, iyo yakaitora kubva pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakodzera. Mukufananidza, miti yehuni yakagadzirwa (miti engraving), iyo yakatanga kuchinjwa nekudhindwa kwebhuku. Kuonekwa kwaro munyika dzeEurope kunodzokera kumashure kwezana remakore rechi15.

Izvo zvigadzirwa uye zvesayenzi zvakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi17, pamwe chete nezvose zvinotevera, hukuru hunotarirwa kubudirira kwevanodzidza vekare. Tsanangudzo yeAlchemical, kuedza kuwana mhedziso yenyika, chido chekuchengetedza nhaka yeAntique yakaita kuti zvigone kufambira mberi kwevanhu muRenaissance uye Modern Times. Tsanangudzo yesayenzi uye zvigadzirwa muMiddle Ages zvakabatsira pakuumbwa kwenyika inozivikanwa. Saka, zvichida, zvingava zvisina kururama kudana nguva iyi yezvakaitika pasina tariro yakajeka, tichiyeuka chete kuongorora uye dzidziso dzechechi panguva iyoyo.