Biochemistry ... Basics of biochemistry

Zvinhu zvakasikwa zvepasi redu zvinoumbwa nevamiriri vemadzimambo ose ehupenyu: mhuka, miti, fungi, mavairasi, mabhakitiriya. Nhamba yevamiriri veumambo hwega humwe hwakakura zvikuru zvokuti inoramba ichishamisika kuti isu tose takakwanisa sei pasi. Asi, pasinei nekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana, zvinhu zvose zvipenyu zviri panyika zvinobatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

Nharaunda yezvinhu zvose zvipenyu

Uchapupu huri nehuwandu hukuru hwezvinhu zvipenyu:

• Chido chekudya (simba kushandiswa nekushandurwa kwayo mukati memuviri);
• Chido chekufema (biori oxidation) ;
• Mano ekubereka;
• Kukura uye kubudirira munguva yehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Zvose zvezvirongwa zvakanyorwa zvakamiririrwa mumuviri nekuwanda kwemakemikari ekuchinja. Chipiri chega chega mukati mehupenyu chero hupi zvayo, regai kutarisa munhu, mazana ezviitiko zvinowanikwa mukutanga uye kuparara kwemakemikorosi. Chimiro, maitiro emakemikari anoitika, kushamwaridzana kune mumwe nemumwe, kubatanidza, kuora uye kuvaka kwezvivako zvitsva zvemakemikoro ezvisikwa uye zvisikwa-zvose izvi ndizvo zvinodzidza shanduro huru, inofadza uye yakasiyana. Biochemistry inzvimbo inofambira mberi yehuzivo inofambira mberi inoongorora zvese zvemakemikari inoitika mukati mehupenyu hwevanhu.

Chinangwa

Chinhu chokudzidza biochemistry ndeyezvisikwa zvipenyu chete uye zvinhu zvose zvebasa rinokosha rinoitika mazviri. Uye zvakananga - kukanganisa kwemakemikari kunoitika panguva yekudya kwekudya, kugoverwa kwemiti yakakosha basa, kukura uye kubudirira. Nokudaro, chikonzero chechiochemistry ndechidzidzo:

1. Kwete-mafomu ehupenyu - mavairasi.
2. Prokaryotic masero emabhakitiriya.
3. Yakakwirira uye inoderedza mbeu.
4. Mhuka dzevanhu vose vanoziva makirasi.
5. Muviri womunhu.

Panguva imwecheteyo, biochemistry pachayo inyanzvi yevasayenzi yakasimuka chete nekuunganidza huwandu huno ruzivo rwehutano hwemukati mune zvisikwa zvipenyu. Kubva kwayo nekuparadzaniswa kwakadzokera shure kwehafu yepiri yezana remakore rechina.

Zvikamu zvemazuva ano zvezvinyorwa zvemagetsi

Parizvino purogiramu yekubatsira, biochemistry inosanganisira zvikamu zvakati zvikamu zvikuru, zvinowanikwa mutafura.

Nokudaro, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti biochemistry inyanzvi yakawanda yesayenzi shoma inobatanidza zvese zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyanyogadzirwa mukati mehutano hwemararamiro.

Subsidiary sciences

Nokufamba kwenguva, ruzivo rwakawanda rwakasiyana rwakakonzerwa, uye dzakawanda zvesayenzi zvakagadziridzwa pakugadzirisa migumisiro yekutsvakurudza, kubereka mabhakitiriya emakoroni, kudzokorora DNA neRNA, kubatanidza zvikamu zvinozivikanwa zvema genome nezvakatarisirwa, nezvimwewo, kuti pakanga paine chido chemamwe masayenzi anotsigirwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu . Aya ndiwo masayenzi akadai se:

• Molecular biology;
• Genetic engineering;
• Gene kuvhiyiwa;
• Molecular genetics;
• Enzymology;
• Immunology;
• Molecular biophysics.

Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvehuzivo zvine zvakawanda zvakabudirira mukudzidza kwebioprocesses muhupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu, saka zvakakosha zvikuru. Vose zvavo ndeyvesayenzi yezana remakore rechi20.

Zvinokonzera kukura kwakasimba kwebiochemistry uye sciences subsidiary

Muna 1958, Koran yakawana geni uye maitiro ayo, mushure maro muna 1961 maitiro ezvinyorwa akazoguma. Zvadaro chimiro chema molecule eDNA chakasimbiswa - sangano rakapetwa kaviri-rinogona kugadziriswa (kuzvizvara). Zvose zvisinganzwisisiki zvekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvemagetsi (anabolism uye catabolism) zvakatsanangurwa, zvidzidzo zvepamusoro uye zvepamusoro zveprotein molecule zvakadzidzwa. Uye iyi haisi rondedzero yakakwana yezvakawanda zvinowanikwa muzana remakore rechi20, iyo ndiyo nheyo yehupenyu hwemagetsi. Zvose izvi zvakawanikwa ndezvenyanzvi yemasikemikari uye nesayenzi pachayo. Nokudaro, pane zvakawanda zvaidiwa kuti zvivepo. Mumwe anogona kukwanisa kuita zvishamiso zvemazuva ano zvekushandura uye kushingaira pakuva.

1. Nheyo dzemakemikari akawanda anowanikwa mune zvipenyu zvinoratidzwa.
2. Nheyo yekubatana muhuwandu hwehupenyu hwemagetsi nemasimba ehupenyu hwehupenyu hwose huri kurongwa (somuenzaniso, ivo vakafanana mumabhakitiriya nevanhu).
3. Chiremba biochemistry inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana kiyi yekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaoma uye zvinotyisa.
4. Nekubatsirwa kwezvinyorwa zvehupenyu zvakave zvichigoneka kuswedera pedyo nekugadzirisa nyaya dzakawanda pasi rose dzehupenyu nemishonga.

Nokudaro pakupedzisira: biochemistry inyanzvi inofambira mberi, inokosha uye yakawanda kwazvo iyo inobvumira kuwana mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda yevanhu.

Biochemistry muRussia

Munyika yedu, biochemistry inofambira mberi uye inokosha sainzi sepasi rose. The Institute of Biochemistry im. ANA Bakh Institute of Biochemistry uye Physiology yeMikorikari. GK Skryabin RAS, Research Institute ye Biochemistry SB RAS. Masayendisiti edu ane basa guru uye zvakakosha zvizhinji munhoroondo yekugadzirwa kwesayenzi. Semuenzaniso, nzira ye immunoelectrophoresis, nzira dze glycolysis, mutemo wekugadzirisa kweyucleotides muhutano hwema molecule eDNA yakawanikwa uye zvimwe zvimwe zvinokosha zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa. Mukupedzisira XIX nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Muzhinji, kwete masangano akazara akaumbwa, asi Dhipatimendi reBiochemistry mune mamwe masunivhesiti. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi pakava nechido chekuwedzera nzvimbo yekudzidza ino sayenzi maererano nekukura kwayo kwakasimba.

Zvinyorwa zvemagetsi zvezvirimwa

Biochemistry yemiti haigoni kuwirirana nehutano hwehutano. Nenzira yakawanda, nyaya yekudzidza biochemistry uye physiology yemiti ndeyokuti:

• Basa rinokosha resimera yemiti;
• Photosynthesis;
• Breathing;
• Mvura yehurumende yemiti;
• Mineral chikafu;
• Ihu hunhu hwezvirimwa uye chimiro chekugadzirwa kwayo;
• Kurwisana kwezvirimwa kune zvipembenene uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa ezvikara.

Kukosha Kwekurima

Ruzivo rwemakadzikidziro ehupenyu hwemagetsi emasero uye masukisi anobvumira kuwedzera huwandu uye huwandu hwezvirimwa zvekurima zvekurimisa mbeu, izvo zviri varairi vemuzvibereko zvekudya zvinokosha kune vanhu vose. Mukuwedzera, physics uye biochemistry yemiti inotitendera kuwana nzira dzokugadzirisa zvinetso zvepest infestation, kusagadzika kwemiti kusagadzikana kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kupa mukana wekuvandudza kunaka kwekurima kwezvirimwa.