Inotungamirwa, Sainzi

Biological oxidation. Redox siyana: Mienzaniso

Pasina simba hahugoni kuvapo imwe chete anorarama. Pashure pezvose, ose makemikari maitiro, chero muitiro zvinoda kwayo kuvapo. Zviri nyore Chero munhu kuzvinzwisisa uye kuzvinzwa. Kana zuva rose kudya zvokudya, zvadaro manheru, uye zvichida kwokutanga, vakawedzera kuneta zviratidzo zvatanga, utera, simba shoma zvikuru.

Saka, zvinenge nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashandisa kugadzirwa simba? Kupi zvabva uye chii pezvakaitwa kuitika panguva imwe chete mukati keji? Edza kunzwisisa nyaya ino.

Kuwana simba Utachiona

Hazvinei nzira hapana simba ufungisise, hwaro nguva dzose nhema OVR (redox siyana). Mienzaniso yakasiyana. mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kubva photosynthesis, iro rinoitwa manyoro zvinomera uye mamwe mabhakitiriya - zviri vo OVR. Sezvingatarisirwa, izvi zvichava zvakasiyana zvichienderana worudzii ari mupenyu ari chinorehwa.

Saka, zvose mhuka - nayo heterotrophs. I.e. zvinenge kwakadaro dzisiri inokwanisa woga kuti aumbe mukati roga akagadzirira mamwe makemikari yeimwe vavo cleavage kusunungurwa simba kwemakemikari zvisungo.

Plants, Ukuwo, ndivo mugadziri simba zvikuru makemikari nyaya redu. Ivo vanoita munhu kwacho yakaoma uye anokosha rinonzi photosynthesis, inova paumbwe shuga kubva mumvura, carbon dioxide pasi pokudzora dzinokosha zvinhu - chlorophyll. A ne-chigadzirwa chiri okisijeni, rinova tsime roupenyu vose Kurovedza zvipenyu.

Redox kuita, mienzaniso izvo chinoenzanisirwa izvi:

  • 6CO 2 + 6 2 O = chlorophyll = C 6 H 10 O 6 + 6O 2;

kana

  • carbon dioxide inobvisa + rehydrogen oxide pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu ruvara chlorophyll (enzayemu maitiro) + = monosaccharide vakasununguka samolecular okisijeni.

Uyewo, munewo vamiririri biomass yepasi vanokwanisa kushandisa simba kwemakemikari zvisungo inorganic yeimwe. Dzinonzi chemotroph. Izvi zvinosanganisira marudzi akawanda mabhakitiriya. Somuenzaniso, tupukanana tusingaoneki vari rehydrogen, oxidizing mumwe substrate Morekuru muvhu. The kwacho kunoitika maererano nzira: 2h 2 0 2 = 2h 2 0.

Nhoroondo kukura ruzivo pamusoro chaivo oxidation

The kwacho kuti ndiyo hwaro simba, inozivikanwa nhasi. Izvi oxidation zvoutachiona. Nemakemikari omuviri somunhu hwakadzama kudzidza mashoko uye nzira kuita matanho nezvirahwe dzotsauka. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisiri nguva dzose.

Panotanga kutaurwa kuti mukati zvipenyu tawirwa transformations yakaoma, vari pachisikirwo nemakemikari, kwakanga nehasha vari XVIII remakore. Panguva ino, Antuan Lavuaze, yakakurumbira kemisiti French, akafunga nezvemamwe panzira kwakafanana chaivo oxidation uye combustion. Akatevedzera wakanaka nzira apo kufema okisijeni takabatikana uye vakagumisa kuti kuitika mukati muviri oxidation pezvakaitwa, asi nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva kupfuura kunze panguva combustion dzakasiyana zvinhu. Kureva oxidizer - okisijeni mamorekuru - vari vakaita pamwe Organic yeimwe, uye zvikurukuru, pamwe rehydrogen uye kabhoni kwavari, uye kutendeuka zvakakwana, achiperekedzwa manyowa of yeimwe.

Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo mafungiro iri chaizvoizvo zvikuru zvechokwadi, yakaramba akarurama zvinhu zvizhinji. Somuenzaniso:

  • nguva pezvakaitwa zvakafanana, uye zvinhu kuyerera inofanira kufanana, asi oxidation makabva yakaderera tembiricha muviri;
  • zvinoitwa pamwe nokubudiswa kurwadziwa yakawanda kupisa simba uye nomurazvo inotungamirwa kuchiitika;
  • zvipenyu venyama hapana asingasviki 75-80% mvura, asi haina kudzivirira "kutsva" zvinovaka muviri mavari.

Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi yose uye kunzwisisa chii chaizvoizvo ndiyo oxidation zvipenyu, vaida zvinopfuura chimwe gore.

Pane akasiyana dzidziso izvo zvaireva kukosha nedanho okisijeni uye rehydrogen. Rakajairika uye chinonyanya vairatidza:

  • Bach pfungwa, inonzi peroxide;
  • Palladin pfungwa, yakavakirwa akadaro pfungwa se "chromogens".

Gare gare pakanga masayendisiti akawanda muRussia uye dzimwe nyika zvenyika, iro zvishoma nezvishoma kuti kuwedzera uye kuchinja kuti mubvunzo kuti chii oxidation chaivo. Nemakemikari omuviri vanhasi, nekuda kwebasa ravo, anogona kukuudza pamusoro mumwe nomumwe kuita kwacho. Pakati usage zvikuru munda uyu ndedzinotevera:

  • Mitchell;
  • SV Severin;
  • Warburg;
  • VA Belitser;
  • Lehninger;
  • VP Skulachev;
  • Krebs;
  • Green;
  • V. A. Engelgardt;
  • Kaylin nevamwe.

Mhando zvoutachiona oxidation

Mhando dzinokosha mbiri zvinogona kupatsanurwa acho zvinoitika pasi ezvinhu akasiyana. Saka, vakawanda vari zhinji mhando zvigare uye hunokuvadza nzira kutendeutsa kunoguma zvokudya - the anaerobic. Izvi oxidation zvoutachiona, riri kuitwa pasina okisijeni uye pasina yokupindira ake chero chimiro. ezvinhu akadaro vakasikwa munzvimbo pasina mhepo mukana: pachivande, kuora substrata, silts, That, anezvimiti uye kunyange muchadenga.

Izvi mhando oxidation ane rimwe zita - glycolysis. Uyewo mumwe matanho kupfuura yakaoma uye nguva yakawanda, asi nesimba mupfumi muitiro - unoponesa Kurovedza kana tishu afemeruke. Ndiyo mhando muitiro wechipiri. Richiwanika ose Kurovedza zvipenyu-heterotrophs, dzinoshandisa okisijeni nokuda afemeruke.

Saka, marudzi aya chaivo oxidation.

  1. Glycolysis, ari anaerobic gwara. It hakurevi pamberi okisijeni uye rinoguma zvakasiyana siyana chinovira.
  2. Zvinyama afemeruke (oxidative phosphorylation), kana kuti Kurovedza mhando. Kunoda kwairayirwa kuvapo samolecular okisijeni.

vatambi

We funga zvino pachavo zvakananga inobudisa kuti rine zvipenyu oxidation. Dudza dzinokosha yeimwe dzavo abbreviations, izvo acharamba kushandisa.

  1. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) - condensation pakati oxalic asidhi uye acetic acid, coenzyme, iyo achiumbwa danho iri tricarboxylic iine acid kutenderera wokutanga.
  2. Krebs kutenderera (cucumber iine acid inaye, tricarboxylic acid) - nhamba akatevedzana kunzwisisa redox transformations chokuita kusunungurwa simba, rehydrogen rutapudzo, paumbwe zvinokosha pasi samolecular uremu zvigadzirwa. Ndicho chikuru kubatana catalyze uye anabolism.
  3. ZWL uye ZWL * H - dehydrogenase enzayemu, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide inomira. The yemaitiro chechipiri - morekuru pamwe attached rehydrogen. NADP - nikotinamidadenindinukletid phosphate.
  4. Kwechokwadi uye kwechokwadi * H - flavin adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme dehydrogenase.
  5. ATP - adenosine triphosphate.
  6. PVK - pyruvic asidhi kana pyruvate.
  7. Succinate kana succinic acid, H 3 PO 4 - phosphoric acid.
  8. GTP - guanosine triphosphate, boka purine nucleotides.
  9. Nezvimwewo - the Erekitironi senga cheni.
  10. Makemikari muitiro: peroxidase, oxygenase, cytochrome oxidase, flavin dehydrogenase, coenzymes siyana uye zvimwe yeimwe.

yeimwe zvose izvi dzinoshanda nedanho oxidation kuti anowanika munyama (masero) zvipenyu.

Padariro zvoutachiona oxidation: Table

siteji Pezvakaitwa uye ukoshi
glycolysis Musimboti kwacho nhema iri anoxic kugaya monosaccharides iyo kunotangira chirongwa muchitokisi afemeruke uye achabatsirwa nokusunungurwa simba, zvakaenzana mamorekuru maviri ATP. Pyruvate ari vaberekawo. Ndiwo danho kwokutanga upi mupenyu muviri heterotrophs. The kukosha inotungamirwa STC, izvo vaipa kune mitochondrial cristae uye substrate nokuda zvinyama okisijeni kubudikidza oxidation. In anaerobic glycolysis kuitika mushure chinovira dzinotsanagura siyana.
The oxidation pamusoro pyruvate Izvi ndizvo exchange STC kuumbwa panguva glycolysis, kuti acetyl-CoA. Voitakura kunze tichibatsirwa ane unyanzvi enzayemu yakaoma pyruvate dehydrogenase. Result - cetyl-CoA mamorekuru, izvo kupinda ari Krebs kutenderera. Chete muitiro rinoitwa kudzorera ZWL NADH. Place localization - kristinusko mitochondria.
Pokuwa Beta-zvakakora acids Izvi zviri kuitwa kufanana yapfuura Christie mitochondria. Chaizvoizvo Its ndiko kuoresa zvose zvakakora acids kuti acetyl-CoA uye achiisa cucumber asidhi yatinofema. Ukuwo kufefemuka NADH.
Krebs kutenderera

Kuchitanga kutendeuka acetyl-CoA ari cucumber acid, izvo kaviri mamwe transformations. Imwe nhanho inokosha zvinosanganisira chaivo oxidation. asidhi ichi kaviri:

  • dehydrogenation;
  • decarboxylation;
  • pakuberekwa kutsva.

Mumwe muitiro rinoitwa kakawanda. Result: GTP, carbon dioxide, akaderedza chimiro NADH uye FADH 2. Saka makemikari biooxidation takasununguka riri mitochondrial chizvaro inoramba.

oxidative phosphorylation

Iri ndiro yokupedzisira danho iri kutendeuka yeimwe ose eukaryotic zvipenyu. Saka pane kuchinja ADP kupinda ATP. The simba zvinodiwa ichi chinobviswa panguva oxidation pamusoro mamorekuru ose NADH uye FADH 2 kuti dzakaumbwa yapfuura matanho. By anotevedzana kuchinja kuti nezvimwewo uye kudzikira simba zvinogona kunoitika pakupera simba-vapfumi ATP kukurukurirana.

Ava pezvakaitwa zvose pamberi pematanho chaivo oxidation chokuita oxygen. Sezvingatarisirwa, havana havataurwi zvakazara, asi chete zvakasikwa, kunyange rondedzero vanoda chitsauko yose bhuku. Vose nokukanganisika dzinotsanagura zvipenyu zvikuru multi-faceted uye kunzwisisa.

Redox kuita muitiro

Redox kuita, mienzaniso zviri mifananidzo substrate oxidation pezvakaitwa vanorondedzerwa pamusoro ndeinotevera.

  1. Glycolysis: monosaccharide (shuga) + 2NAD + = 2ADF 2PVK 2ATF + 4h + + haiwa 2 + 2h + NADH.
  2. Oxidation pamusoro pyruvate: enzayemu = STC + carbon dioxide inobvisa + acetaldehyde. Ipapo zvinotevera danho: Acetaldehyde + coenzyme A = acetyl-CoA.
  3. A muzvizhinji kuti sequential transformations ose cucumber asidhi muna Krebs kutenderera.

Izvi redox kuita akaratidzwa kumusoro, anoratidza musimboti kwemasayendisiti chete zvavo nemashoko. Zvinozivikanwa kuti yeimwe iri mubvunzo kureva macromolecular kana kuva guru kabhoni marangwanda, saka kuti bonde zvose zvakakwana payakavakirwa rinongova zvisingaiti.

The simba goho pamusoro tishu afemeruke

Maererano kutsanangurwa kupfuura zviri pachena kuti kuverenga zvachose goho zvose nesimba oxidation zviri nyore.

  1. Two mamorekuru pamusoro ATP anopa glycolysis.
  2. Oxidation kuti pyruvate 12 ATP mamorekuru.
  3. 22 Morekuru nhoroondo nokuti tricarboxylic asidhi yatinofema.

Subtotal: zvachose Kurovedza zvoutachiona oxidation nenzira anopa simba goho zvakaenzana 36 mamorekuru pamusoro ATP. Zvichireva biooxidation pachena. Ndicho ichi simba anoshandiswa zvipenyu kurarama uye kushanda, uyewo adziyirwe ake muviri, kufamba uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakodzera.

Substrate anaerobic oxidation

The mhando wechipiri zvoutachiona oxidation - the anaerobic. Kuti ndiye rinoitwa zvachose, asi izvo anodzivira mamwe tusingaoneki. It glycolysis, uye zviri pano kuti kusiyana zvinonyatsooneka mune ramangwana kutendeuka zvinhu pakati Kurovedza uye anaerobic.

Biological oxidation danho iri nzira dzakawanda.

  1. Glycolysis, kureva oxidation kuti shuga mamorekuru kuti pyruvate.
  2. Chinovira, zvichitungamirira patsva kuti ATP.

Chinovira anogona kuva mhando dzakasiyana, zvichienderana nomuviri, ayo pakutevedzera.

lactic chinovira

Kuitwa lactic asidhi utachiona uye zvimwe notumwe. The Chaizvoizvo ari kudzorera PVC kuti lactic acid. Izvi rinoshandiswa indasitiri kubereka:

  • dheri zvinogadzirwa;
  • pickled muriwo nemichero;
  • silage mhuka.

Izvi mhando kuvira ndechimwe chezvinhu yaishandiswa zvinodiwa nevanhu.

chidhakwa chinovira

Anozivikanwa vanhu kubva kupfuura kare. Musimboti kwacho is STC kupinda mamorekuru maviri panyaya iyi uye vaviri carbon dioxide. Kuburikidza ichi chigadzirwa mbudo, kwakadai chinovira akashandiswa kugadzira:

  • chingwa;
  • waini;
  • doro;
  • confectionery uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Vaite ake howa mbiriso uye kwemabhakitiriya tusingaoneki.

butyric asidhi chinovira

Wakakwanisa kusanyatsotsanangurwa dzakananga mhando kuvira. Vakatakura mabhakitiriya ari genus Clostridium. The Chaizvoizvo kunoratidzwa kutendeuka pyruvate kupinda butyric acid, vachipa zvokudya kunhuwirira uye rancid kuravira.

Naizvozvo biooxidation maitiro mberi munzira iyi, iri kushanda kushandiswa indasitiri. Zvisinei, mabhakitiriya ava vanozviriritira seeded zvokudya uye kukuvadza, richikwidibira unhu hwavo.

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