Chii chinonzi mineral? Urongwa hwemaminera kubva

Pasinei chokwadi kuti vanhu vakawanda vanofunga pamusoro chii, vamwe vanhu havagoni kupa tsanangudzo "chicherwa". Kupatsanura zvicherwa inosanganisira zvakawanda zvakasiyana siyana nezvinhu, chimwe nechimwe awana kushanda mune imwe mumunda basa tichionga dzavo zvakanaka uye zvinhu. Saka zvinokosha kuziva chii ehupfumi zvavanazvo, uye vanogona kushandiswa.

Zvicherwa ndiwo zvibereko chakaita zvokugadzirwa kana rwokuzvarwa nemakemikari kuti kuitika mukati pasi goko uye pamusoro wayo pechiso, uye saka tiri mishonga nomumuviri homogeneous.

kupatsanura

To musi, kune vanopfuura 4000 siyana kwemarudzi kuti kuwira muchikwata che "chicherwa". Kupatsanura zvicherwa uyewo kuteererwa anotevera zvinhu:

• majini (zvichienderana mavambo);
• rinoshanda (mbishi mhangura, mabwe anokosha, huni, etc ...);
• mushonga.

mushonga

Panguva iyoyo, rakajairika ndiye kupatsanura zvicherwa nemakemikari sezvamunoita, iro rinoshandiswa ano mineralogy uye zvemaumbirwo. Kwakavakirwa yezvakaita yeimwe, mhando kwemakemikari zvisungo pakati dzakasiyana zvinhu chimiro, mhando kavha uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji kuti chingava chicherwa. The kupatsanura zvicherwa kwakadaro kunosanganisira kupatsanura vave nezvemarudzi mashanu, rimwe nerimwe kunoratidzwa ne predominance imwe yezvakaita ukama pakati dzimwe dzakabatana STRUCTURAL.

mhando:

• chizvarwa zvinhu;
• sulfides;
• oxides uye hydroxides;
• okisijeni acids munyu dzayo;
• halides.

Uyezve, yezvakaita anion, vari rakakamurwa makirasi dzakawanda (mu ose mhando weboka ravo) mukati iyo kare rakakamurwa subclasses izvo vari: zvidhina, akasungwa, chitsuwa, Kufambisa uye layered chicherwa. Kupatsanura zvicherwa, izvo pedyo mumwe nomumwe sezvamunoita dzavo uye vane yakafanana yakarongeka, anogovera kuti kuwadzana kwavo mapoka akasiyana.

Feature Mhando zvicherwa

• Native Elements. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinokosha metalloids uye nesimbi zvakadai simbi, Platinum kana ndarama, uyewo nonmetals akadai nedhaimani, sarufa graphite.
• Sulfites, uye analogs siyana ayo. Chemical kupatsanura zvicherwa rinosanganisira boka munyu pamusoro hydrosulphuric acid, akadai pyrite, galena, uye vamwe.
• Oxides, hydroxides, uye dzimwe analogues yayo, ane simbi remubatanidzwa pamwe oxygen. Magnetite, chromite, hematite, goethite - ndivo vanonyanya vamiririri muchikwata ichi, izvo rinozivisa makemikari kupatsanura zvicherwa.
• The munyu okisijeni acids.
• Halides.

Uyewo kucherechedza ndechokuti boka "munyu okisijeni asidhi" panewo kupatsanura zvicherwa kuburikidza mukirasi:

• carbonates;
• sulfates;
• tungstates uye molybdates;
• phosphates;
• silicates.

Uyewo, pane dombo-nokuumba zvicherwa, mapoka mapoka matatu:

• igneous;
• sedimentary;
• metamorphic.

pamavambo

Kupatsanura pakati chicherwa mavambo rinosanganisira mapoka makuru matatu:

• Endogenous. pezvakaitwa rwakadaro chicherwa inotungamirwa ari Ruzhinji rwakapindura nyaya dzinosanganisira munhanganyaya kupinda goko enyika uye haizopereri koukukutu pachivande inopisa alloys, makatumidzwa magmas. Saka paumbwe chicherwa pacharo rinoitwa matanho matatu: magma, pegmatite uye postmagmatic.
• Exogenous. Panyaya iyi, paumbwe zvicherwa rinoitwa zvachose mune mamwe mamiriro kupfuura endogenous. Exogenous mineralization anotipa zvemakemikari omuviri manyowa pane zvinhu uye mawa inotungamirwa anomera ane kurwisa kune svikiro. The crystals vari inoumbwa ne weathering pamusoro endogenous zvicherwa.
• Metamorphic. Pasinei nenzira inotungamirwa pamatombo, simba ravo kana isimbe, vachagarova pasi kushandura pasi pokudzora zvimwe zvirwere. Kunobereka kuti kuumbwa nokuda kuchinja ehupfumi kana Kuronga yepakutanga mharidzo, rinonzi metamorphic.

Maererano Fersman uye Bauer

Kupatsanura zvicherwa uye Bauer Fersman inosanganisira yokucheka mapuranga akawanda aida zvikurukuru nokuda kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana. Zvinosanganisira:

• mabwe Semi-anokosha;
• mabwe mavara;
• organogenic matombo.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Kupatsanura zvicherwa uye matombo mavambo uye sezvamunoita rinosanganisira muzvizhinji zvinhu, uye sezvamakaropafadzwa nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana ane basa rakasiyana nemamwe chaiko ehupfumi. Zvichienderana parameters izvi kunotemwa kukosha imwe erudzi, uyewo mukana wayo chikumbiro munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana zvinoitwa nevanhu.

kusimba

maitiro Ndiyo kurwisa ari vanachandagwinyira muviri scarring migumisiro mumwe. Saka, kana munhu chicherwa anonzi manyoro kuti muvare pemvura, zvisaririra vacharamba pairi.

Misimboti pokuoma zvicherwa kupatsanura kunobva kushandisa mashoko Mohs scale, uko kunomiririrwa kusarudzirwa marudzi, mumwe anokwanisa scratching unopinza kuguma isati pano. Anosanganisira mazita gumi kuti unotanga talc uye gypsum, uye anopedzisira ave vanhu vakawanda vanoziva, nedhaimani - kupfuura zvakasimba.

Pakutanga rora abata girazi. Kana kuenda kuva muvare, ipapo kupatsanura pakati chicherwa pokuoma kare anotipa mabasa naro giredhi 5. Pashure paizvozvo, pokuoma anofanira yasimbiswa pamusoro Mohs pamwero. Saizvozvowo, kana chironda pamusoro girazi vakasara, ipapo mharidzo hunobviswa rondedzero 6 kirasi (feldspar) uye zvadaro kuedza vaswedere navo achida chicherwa. Saka, kana Somuenzaniso, feldspar siya chironda pamusoro mharidzo, uye apatite, riri pasi nhamba 5, haana kusiya, zviri basa boka 5.5.

Usakanganwa kuti zvichienderana crystallographic mirayiridzo zvimwe zvicherwa anogona siyana pokuoma. Somuenzaniso, pana cleavage ndege iri kyanite pokuoma achitevedza refu akabatana ari sekristaro ane kukosha 4, ukuwo transverse ndege nayo kunowedzera kusvika 6. zvicherwa Very nesimba rinogona kuwanikwa bedzi iri boka vasiri esimbi kubwinya.

penya

Achigadzira Gloss zvicherwa zviri kuitwa kufungisisa pachiso chiedza mwaranzi. Chero bhuku iri zvicherwa kupatsanura kunopa nokupesana mumapoka makuru maviri:

• ane esimbi Sheen;
• nevasiri esimbi kubwinya.

Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira avo dzinoita kuti ape vatema uye muhero opaque kunyange mune zvakanaka matete splinters. Izvi zvinosanganisira magnetite, graphite uye marasha. Sezvo zvagara, sezvo pano achikurudzirawo nevasiri esimbi zvicherwa apenye mutsetse mavara. Izvi zvinoshandawo goridhe greenish inoti, mhangura ane nevamwe mutsvuku, sirivha uye sirivha-chena, uyewo nevamwe vanoverengeka.

Metallic zvakasikwa akafanana Ruvara yakachena pakakuvara nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana, uye zvinogona kuoneka matsva pemvura mharidzo yakanaka zvakakwana, kunyange kana vaiona dombo-zvichiumba zvicherwa. Kupatsanura mishonga pamwe uchenjeri hwakadaro kunosanganisirawo opaque mapatani kuti zvakawanda kwazvo kupfuura muboka rokutanga.

Metallic kubwinya maitire zvicherwa zvakasiyana simbi mhangura.

ruvara

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti ruvara Ndinoramba chinhu chete mamwe zvicherwa. Saka, Malachite anogara mutema, ndarama hakuiti chisanyanya yendarama-yellow ruvara, uye zvichingodaro. E., Nepo vakawanda zvimwe zviri impermanent. Kuti tizive ruvara, unofanira kutanga wawana matsva cleavage.

Special kutarisirwa inofanira kubhadharwa kuti chokwadi chokuti kupatsanura zvivako zvicherwa zvinosanganisirawo vanzwisise akadai ruvara zvinhu (muvhu upfu), izvo kazhinji zvakasiyana mureza. Asi panguva imwe chete pane dzinoita kuti vane upfu ruvara rwakasiyana chaizvo kubva yavo. Somuenzaniso, ivo zvinosanganisira calcite, izvo zvinogona tsvuku, chena, zvitema, zvitema, asi mune mamwe zvakasiyana zhinji, asi upfu chero zvazvingava achagara chena.

Upfu kana chicherwa unhu inotengwa pamusoro porcelain, izvo rirege kufukidzwa chero kuri pachimedu uye pakati nyanzvi anongonzi "bhisikiti". On pamusoro wayo vaswedere mutsetse kunorondedzerwa zvicherwa, zvino zviri zvishoma zvakazorwa munwe wake. Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti hwakasimba uye simba zvicherwa chikukutu regai kuchengetera zvisaririra zvose nokuti chokuti "bhisikiti" Ivo nyore vachava muvare, saka zviri rokutanga zvakakodzera kuti vadzime kubvisa imwe nhengo navo pamusoro chena papepa, uye ipapo ukuye kune vaida mamiriro.

cleavage

Pfungwa iyi achipfeka chicherwa pfuma mitswi kana paradzanisa mune imwe nhungamiro, apo kusiya kupenyerera mvere penyika. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Erasmus Bartholin, akawana pfuma iyi, kutumira migumisiro yokutsvakurudza panzvimbo chiremera basa, izvo zvinosanganisira inozivikanwa masayendisiti zvakadai Boyle, Hooke, Newton nevamwe vazhinji, asi vakaziva dzakaonekwa mananara anongoitika uye mitemo haushandi , kunyange zvazvo gare gare chete remakore Zvakazoitika kuti zvose migumisiro vaiva akarurama.

Saka, pane shanu dzinokosha mamakisi cleavage:

• zvikuru akakwana - zvicherwa inogona nyore rwakakamukana pamahwendefa maduku;
• akakwana - chero muchipinda yokuenzanisira ichapamuka kupinda zvimedu, izvo kungoitirwa cleavage ndege;
• zvakajeka kana kureva - apo unoedza anotsemura zvicherwa vakaumba zvimedu havabvumirwi kwete chete cleavage ndege, asiwo gogonera hukawanika mu anongoitika mirayiridzo;
• kukwana - unowanikwa ne zvimwe zvinetso;
• asi kukwana - cleavage zvachose vasiri aripo.

Vamwe zvicherwa vane zvakawanda zvakataurwa cleavage, izvo kazhinji inova yavo huru chirwere chinhu.

kutsemuka

Pasi pfungwa iyi zvinoreva mahwanda pamusoro, vakatora nzvimbo zvicherwa hakusi kuti cleavage. To musi, kusiyanisa pakati huru mhando shanu hwatsvuka:

• anotsvedzerera - panyika, hapana chikuru Bends, asi haina nohwake kumeso sezvo iri nyaya cleavage;
• nhano - ndizvo kuti nekristaro ane yakajeka zvikuru kana zvishoma uye akakwana cleavage;
• gogonera - kunoratidzwa, Somuenzaniso, apatite, uyewo mamwe zvicherwa vane cleavage kukwana;
• splintery - kwese kuti chicherwa internet Kuwedzera uye zvakafanana kutyora transversely fibrous huni;
• conchoidal - muchimiro kwayo pamusoro rakafanana singi;

zvimwe zvivako

Vazhinji zvicherwa ane chirwere kana chinhu sezvo rinobva. Kuti uone zvakajairika kushandisa mureza kambasi kana magnetized banga chaiyo. Muchiedza hazvisi sezvinotevera: tora chiduku chimedu kana shoma Muedzo zvinhu upfu, pashure pacho anobata banga magnetized kana shoed. Kana pashure nzira iyi zvicherwa zvacho vanokwezvwa, zvinonzi pane vaiva vamwe remagineti. Kana kushandisa chinongedzo nayo anoiswa pamusoro chero sandara penyika, uye ipapo kumirira kunangiswa miseve uye vauye kwachiri chicherwa, isingatsiki mudziyo pachayo. Kana tsono anotanga kufamba, zvinonzi kuti akanga rinobva.

Vamwe zvicherwa zviri murwiyo ine carbonates pasi pokudzora hydrochloric asidhi kutanga kusunungura carbon dioxide, izvo zvinoonekwa visa matema, saka vazhinji vanouti "unovira." Pakati zvicherwa izvi Munokudzwa: malachite, calcite, choko, namatema uye reraimu.

Uyewo, zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kunge soluble mumvura. Izvi kugona zvicherwa nyore kuona kuravira, uye zvikurukuru, nezvezvitadzo dombo munyu uye potassium munyu , uye vamwe.

Kana raida zvidzidzo zvicherwa pamusoro fusibility uye combustion, zvakakodzera kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo muparadzane duku nhindi mharidzo, ipapo kushandisa tweezers kusuma zvakananga kupinda murazvo gasi burner, kenduru kana doro rambi.

chimiro chavo kuva zvakasikwa

Kazhinji zvakanaka zvakasikwa zviri zvicherwa siyana kuitika sezvo aggregates kana crystals kuroorwa, uye zvinogona kuratidzwa muchimiro masumbu. Yokupedzisira ine vakawanda tsanga ane womukati crystalline mamiriro. Saka, mapoka makuru matatu ane nevamwe chitarisiko:

• Isometric, zvakafanana mune zvose zvitatu kumativi;
• elongated, kuva chimiro elongated imwe divi;
• akatambanudza nenzira mbiri apo kuramba wechitatu ari pfupi chimiro.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vamwe zvicherwa anogona kuumba dzinongoitika fused crystals, izvo zvino akataura mapatya, Tees uye mamwe mazita. Kazhinji mapatani akadaro mugumisiro Fusion kana yakawiriranwa kumera crystals.

mhando

Regai kunyonganisa chepamutemo aggregates uye kutadza aggregates ose crystals Somuenzaniso, pamwe "bhurasho" kana shamwari vari kukura pamasvingo mumapako uye in siyana mune matombo. Drusen muri splices vakaumba anoverengeka kana kusatonzwa dzose crystals uye nokudaro incremented nomumwe magumo chero erudzi. inotungamirwa yavo kunoda rakavhurika mhango, izvo anopa mukana wakasununguka chicherwa kukura.

Uyewo, vazhinji crystalline zvicherwa zviri zvine kunzwisisa kwemashifiti zvitarisiko, zvinoita kuti paumbwe dendrites, uye dzimwe mhando sinter. Inotungamirwa dendrites rinoitwa nokuda zvakare nokukurumidza crystallization zvicherwa iri makatsemuka dzakaisvonaka uye pores, sezvamakaropafadzwa dombo iri nyaya vanotanga zvifanane nokururamisira oma matavi zvinomera.

Kakawanda, munewo ezvinhu umo zvicherwa azara anenge zvachose ane chinhu chiduku inotungamirira secretion. Vaishandisa concentric chimiro, uye chicherwa nenhumbi mairi kusvika nepakati kubva arikunze. Large secretion zvakakwana, ane mukati chinhu nzvimbo, akadana geodes, apo idzodzo diki dzinonzi tonsils.

Nodules - iri kururama concretions vakagumisa kana idenderedzwa chimiro, paumbwe uko yakakonzerwa deposition yezviri chicherwa zvinhu kumativi akafanorongerwa pakati. Kazhinji, ivo nenzira yoku zvichiratidza chidziro chomukati, uye vakasiyana secretion kuwedzera rinoitwa nekusiyana, kusvikira arikunze kubva pakati.