Chii muviri ari zvipenyu: tsananguro

A fanira zvimiso kuvapo dzavamwe vapenyu muviri ari kuramba dziripo zvinovaka muviri uye kubviswa yokupedzisira kuora zvigadzirwa.

Chii muviri mu zvipenyu

Muviri, kana muviri - rinokosha akagadzirwa nemakemikari kuti kutora nzvimbo chero chipenyu muviri kuramba kwayo kuita uye upenyu. Maitiro akadaro kupa muviri mukana kutanga, kukura uye muwande apo ukaramba nechivako kwayo uye achipindura kwezvakatipoteredza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kwezvakatipoteredza.

Muviri inogona rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: catabolism uye anabolism. In wokutanga Danho vose kunzwisisa zvinhu dzaputswa uye huchawedzera nyore. At wechipiri, pamwe chete simba mutengo synthesized nucleic acids, lipids nemapurotini.

Basa rinokosha iri muviri kunoita makemikari kuti zvinoshingaira utachiona catalysts. Vanokwanisa kuderedza activation simba rwomuviri siyana uye chengetedza metabolic nzira.

Metabolic matunhu zvinoriumba akafanana vazhinji mhando, inova uchapupu ibatane kwakabva zvose zvipenyu. Kufanana Izvi zvinoratidza pazera mangwanani panowanikwa yemhindumupindu munhau pokumuka zvipenyu.

Kupatsanura mhando muviri

Chii muviri ari zvipenyu, zvakajeka muna ino. All zvipenyu kuripo pamusoro Pasi inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata sere, achitungamirirwa zvitubu kabhoni, simba uye oxidized substrate.

zvipenyu sesimba panobva anogona kushandisa simba nemakemikari, kana chiedza. Sezvo oxidizable substrate kunogona Organic uye inorganic zvinhu. Panobva kabhoni iri carbon dioxide inobvisa kana makemikari.

Kune tusingaoneki kuti, kunyange akasiyana ezvinhu chokuvapo, shandisa mhando dzakasiyana pane muviri. It zvinoenderana mwando, kuvheneka uye zvimwewo.

Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge zvinogona kuzivikanwa kuti mumwe chete muviri angava masero nezvirwere zvakasiyana pamusoro metabolic kwendangariro.

catabolism

Biology, muviri uye simba nokufunga chinhu chakadai "catabolism". Izwi anonzi metabolic pezvakaitwa umo guru nezvimedu kwemafuta, amino acids uye makabhohaidhiretsi dzaputswa. Panguva catabolism ngapaonekwe mamorekuru nyore munyaya biosynthesis zvavaifunga. Zviri kuburikidza azvaiitwa muviri anokwanisa vanounganidzira simba, achiishandura kuva iripo muchimiro.

Utachiona kuti kurarama kuburikidza photosynthesis (zvinomera uye cyanobacteria), Erekitironi kuchinjirwa siyana regai kusunungura simba uye rinoungana nokuda chiedza chezuva.

Animals catabolic maitiro zvakaoma chokuita kukamurwa shongwe nyore zvinhu. Zvakadai zvinokuvadza vari nitrates uye oxygen.

Catabolism kwemhuka rakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

1. Cleavage kunzwisisa zvinhu kuti nyore vaya.
2. Cleavage nyore mamorekuru zvakawanda nyore.
3. simba kusunungurwa.

anabolism

Muviri (bhayoroji giredhi 8 inokurukura pfungwa iyi) uye anabolism dzinoratidzwa - dzakaunganidzwa pakati metabolic dzinotsanagura biosynthesis pamwe simba rakawanda. Complex mamorekuru kuti ndiyo hwaro nesimba cellular hurongwa vari wakaumba sequentially kubva kupfuura nyore Precursors.

First synthesized amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides. Zvadaro zvinhu izvi vari kushingaira siyana simba nokuda Apr. Uye pakupedzisira danho monomers zvose vanoshingaira ikashandiswa mu kunzwisisa hurongwa hwakadai mapuroteni, lipids uye polysaccharides.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti havasi vose zvipenyu synthesize zvinoshingaira mamorekuru. Biology (muviri zvakajeka muna ino) allocates zvinenge zvakadai autotrophs uye heterotrophs chemotroph. Vanowana simba ravo kubva kumwe zvinyorwa.

The simba akawana kubva chezuva

Chii muviri ari zvipenyu? Neurongwa zvinhu zvipenyu zviri munyika, uye chinosiyanisa zvipenyu kubva nonliving nyaya.

The simba chezuva kudya zvimwe majemusi, zvinomera uye cyanobacteria. In Vamiririri ava muviri kunoitika kuburikidza photosynthesis - chirongwa Absorção de Água reokisijeni uye excrete carbon dioxide.

kugaya

mamorekuru akadaro kufanana starch, mapuroteni uye cellulose vari wakanamatira vasati vari kushandiswa sezvo masero. In nedanho kugaya iri vakapinda anokosha makemikari kuti kuputsa mapuroteni kupinda amino acids uye polysaccharides - kune monosaccharides.

Mhuka dzinogona kusunungura makemikari yakadaro chete mumasero anokosha. Asi tusingaoneki akadaro voga dzakapoteredza nzvimbo. All zvinhu izvo anobudiswa nokuda extracellular makemikari kuti vapinde muviri nomukombiyuta "kushingaira senga".

Control uye mutemo

Chii muviri ari zvipenyu, unogona kuverenga munyaya ino. Mumwe muviri homeostasis dzinoratidzwa - nguva dzose pamusoro pezviri kwezvakatipoteredza. Kuvapo ezvinhu akadaro kunokosha zvikuru chero muviri. Sezvo vose ezvinhu kuti dzichichinja kuti tirambe Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu mukati masero ose metabolic siyana vanofanira nemazvo uye zvakarurama kudzorwa. muviri Good inoita zvipenyu dziri kugara vachionana zvakatipoteredza uye sei kuchinja.

nhoroondo mashoko

Chii muviri ari zvipenyu? Kutsunga iri pakutanga ino. Pfungwa "muviri" kokutanga akashandisa Theodor Schwann ari forties pakati rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore.

Kudzidza muviri, masayendisiti ari kuita emakore, uye izvozvo zvose rakatanga kuedza kudzidza mhuka. Asi shoko rokuti "muviri" yakatanga kushandiswa Ibn al-Nafis, uyo aidavira kuti muviri wose nguva ezvinhu zvokudya uye kuora, saka kunoratidzwa kugara kuchinja kwaari.

Biology chidzidzo "muviri" kuvhura musimboti pfungwa uye kutsanangura mienzaniso ichabatsira kuwedzera kudzama ruzivo.

First aitarisira ruzivo kudzidza muviri rwaiwanikwa Santorio Santoro muna 1614. Akarondedzera ezvinhu ake pamberi uye pashure zvokudya, basa, zvokunwa mvura uye hope. Ndiye akatanga kuona kuti vakawanda kudyiwa zvokudya akarasika panguva "imperceptible kwemvura" muitiro.

Muzvidzidzo kwokutanga, kuti metabolic siyana akasawanikwa, uye masayendisiti vaidavira kuti zvinyama mhenyu anotonga rinokosha simba.

Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, Eduard Buchner vakasuma pfungwa makemikari. Kubvira ipapo pakudzidza muviri rinotanga pakudzidza masero. Panguva iyi, nemakemikari omuviri zvava sainzi.

Chii muviri ari zvipenyu? Definition anogona kupiwa zvinotevera - rinokosha akagadzirwa nokukanganisika siyana anotsigira ariko nhengo.

zvicherwa

The muviri hombe chaizvo basa reDare inorganic zvinhu. All Organic yeimwe ine yakawanda phosphorus, okisijeni, carbon uye senitrogen.

Most inorganic yeimwe anogona kudzora kwokudzvinyirira pamwero mukati muchitokisi. Uyewo, wevasungwa kunobatsirawo pamusoro kushanda tsandanyama uye masero etsinga.

Kuchinja simbi (simbi zinc) waidzora basa pakufamba mapurotini uye makemikari. All inorganic zvicherwa zvakawanda kuburikidza chokufambisa mapuroteni uye usambofa vari akasununguka ezvinhu.