Chii serf - the Mabviro ezwi uye nhoroondo kushandiswa kwayo

Rangarirai yakakurumbira akatorwa kubva anodiwa "Ivan", uyo anochinja basa rake: "Imi akapotsa kuvhiringa yomuchinda mudzimai, serf?" "Oh, iwe gwatya, unofa mburwa, tsvina murimi mudiki"!? Isu kunetseka kuseka pamwe Yakin (Michael Pugovkina), kuyemura Anotyisa (Yuri Yakovlev), asi kana isu namaoko kuzodzosera kuverenga usingafi mutambo Bulgakov, tinoswedera kuteerera mutauro mukuru, uyo basa zvakanyorwa.

Stinks stinks kupesana

Muverengi ano, vakakurumidza kukanganwa zvidzidzo zvakadaro chikoro nyaya yakaita kare, pamwe kamwechete uye kuti yakadaro tsvina murimi mudiki, kana panzvimbo ndiani. Asi kuziva, Chokwadi, zvichava zvichifadza kuziva kuti nenzira iyi vainzi vagere yekare Russian mamiriro, kunze vavakuru (boyars) uye nevafundisi. kureva pasi pfungwa iyi inoreva vanhu kunotenga, vatengesi uye navapfuri vesimbi, tarira Clowns uye vagari, uyewo vanhuwo zvavo. Saka chii serf? Uyu commoner, murume plebeian mavambo. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, shoko zvinotora pamusoro semantics siyana.

murimi mudiki mubvunzo

Zvino vamwe kunyatsotsanangura. Vanhuwo zvavo muRussia taimbova vakasununguka varimi. Zvadaro, sezvo uranda, vakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: "Vanhu", "varanda", "smerdy". "Vanhu" akadana pasina varidzi boyars vagari yakaderera pakuberekwa. Sezvo "Chokwadi Russian" (kuedza zviri pamutemo gwaro XI-XVI emakore), kana mumwe munhu anouraya akasununguka murume uye akabatwa, anofanira kuripa akanaka 40 Hryvnia. Uye chii chiri serf, kana upenyu hwake Takauyira hapana kupfuura upenyu muranda (muranda) - 5 Hryvnia? Uyewo, zvinoitika, muranda. Ndeyaniko? Prince, kureva Boyar.

Muchikwata che serfs zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kureva uye avo vakasununguka-varimi vanhuwo zvavo anokuitai varanda sezvo evanhu stratification uye kukura yagara nyika. zvinoreva Izvi zvakafanana nguva Kievan Rus.

Serf "iri Novgorod"

Novgorod Republic aiva nharaunda chaiyo. Uye mitemo payo akaita ako. Ndechipi serf pasi mutemo dzomunharaunda? Murimi uyu, zvichienderana mamiriro kupfuura private muridzi. Zvadaro muchikwata ichi vakatanga kutakura zvose vanhuwo zvavo. In Russia ndiyo tillers vaiva muchikwata vomuUmambo zvikuru zvakawanda. Hurumende akavapa mapindu, nokuti iyo smerdy akabhadhara muchivigiro kwemitero, uye machinda - basa "mu mhando": zvokudya, jira, mhuka musha, etc. Kuti vararame vanhuwo zvavo akadaro akanga mumisha (kubva pashoko "akagara", kureva ... e. "akagadzirisa"). By anenge zera XV rokuti "smerdy" kuchatsiviwa "varimi." Uye sezvo mauto basa kubva vanhuwo, munguva Ivana Groznogo uye gare gare shoko iri vainzi basa kirasi vanhu.

The magwaro (zvirevo, mashoko, tsamba, mikumbiro) nguva zviri pamutemo kugamuchirwa chimiro apo aireva masoja amambo. Papera mazana emakore mashoma, pfungwa "serf" rava yokusaremekedza, anenge pejorative rokuti serfs uye vanhuwo zvavo. Panzira, mumazuva kwomuchinda kukakavara zvakanga zvakananga, ipapo zvino kushandiswa shoko rokuti "osmerdit": tora musungwa nyaya kuna Prince-muvengi.

Uye zvakawanda pamusoro Mabviro uye shoko kushandiswa

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro pemavambo kweshoko, ndezvenguva Indo-European boka mutauro. Lexical kushandurwa isu akaongororwa. Zvazvinosarira kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro Incremental kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro ukoshi yakawanikwa mukufamba kushandiswa. Kubva shoko "serf" yakaumbwa rechiito "anhuhwe," kureva, "Kunhuhwa". Chokwadi kuti zvirindo, inogarwa murombo vanhuwo zvavo uye varanda-varanda, akakwevera shoma hwindo bullish sefuro, regai achigarira maoko mhepo. Vakanga nenharo muchoto "iri dema" utsi haawanzotauri vachibuda kwakavakirwa, prokurivaya zvose kuburikidza. A mukupera kwematsutso, chando uye mangwanani chitubu, pamwe nevanhu vari mumatumba uye akaramba yehuku kuti mombe. Zviri pachena kuti "munuhwi" smerd aigona kunhuhwirira kwechinopiwa maira kure. Saka, nokufamba kwenguva, shoko rokuti "serf" panzvimbo "nyika" rakazorevawo tsvina, sviba, stinking murume. Modern fanano - "pokugara."