Chii wemunda umambo? Pfungwa, unhu uye mienzaniso

In rondedzero zvematongerwo enyika uye masangano enyika masimba European kuMiddle Ages, tiri kazhinji nomubvunzo pfungwa "kuchamuka umambo." chimiro ichi hurumende yakanga yo France, Russia, Germany uye zvichingodaro. D. Nyaya ino ichakurukura kuti "pfuma umambo," Kutarira mamiriro ayo uye Implementation pamusoro Ages mienzaniso munyika.

The tsananguro

Umambo - inzira hurumende ine simba guru riri mumaoko mumwe munhu, uye nhaka. Setsika, rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda: mhedziso feudal, patrimonial, mumiriri vanhu vakaderera, esangano. Saka chii wemunda umambo? It inzira hurumende, iyo richiparadzirwa munyika dzokuMadokero masimba European kuMiddle Ages. It kunoratidzwa kutora chikamu vamiririri zvakasiyana (kana chete) makirasi pakutonga nyika. mitumbi izvi kuita zvemitemo uye Advisory mabasa.

mamiriro

1. shoma simba namambo.
2. weboka ehurumende kuti vakawanda kupinda Estates.
3. Centralization management.
4. Ko kushingaira enyika vanhu vanobva makirasi siyana.
5. Kuparadzaniswa mashandiro anoita hurumende Kutarisira pakati pamambo uye mumiriri muviri.

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani zvinotaurwa munda umambo vanofanira kufunga kuita yaro Ages munyika Mienzaniso.

Estate umambo mu England

chimiro ichi management kwakasimbiswa kuEngland muna XIII remakore. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, nyika akatotora chimiro feudal Estates. Pamusoro vanhu yaiva NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi. A zvinokosha mukuzadzika upfumi upenyu yeEngland akatanga kuridza kwamachinda. Uyezve, nzvimbo yavo wakasimbisa vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata uye dzomumaguta vepamusoro. Apo John Lackland feudal Estates vakatanga kurwisa mukuru simba. Nechekare muna 60 ies. XIII remakore. ikava hondo. Magumisiro hondo iyi chisikwa muna 1295 "muenzaniso" reParamende. Chaiva chikuru echitendero uye enyika madzishe. Panguva wemunda-mumiririri umambo, paramende British anoitwa kuti huwandu mitero uye kudzorwa mukuru vanhu. Pashure muviri ichi akagamuchira kodzero kubatanidzwa mukuita mitemo. Muzana XIV remakore. pasi Edward III Parliament yakakamurwa dzikava makamuri maviri: madzishe uye Commons. Wokutanga chaiva Knights uye kirasi pakati, wechipiri - kubva Baron kana nhaka Vezera (ari papera nguva).

Estate umambo muFrance

muviri wakare-mumiririri yokutanga munyika hwakagadzwa munguva Philip IV. Kubva 1484, akasvika pakuzivikanwa se States General. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muviri yaiva pedyo kubatana simba roumambo uye chaizvoizvo kunoratidzwa ayo zvarwo. Senzira States-General zvose zvitatu French matunhu (vafundisi, kwamachinda uye "chetatu") vakanga kumiririrwa. Mambo, sezvinoita mutemo, anoshandiswa kutsigira States-General mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Akatokumbira maonero matunhu mitemo, kunyange zvavo wokugamuchirwa haisi waitoda mvumo kana kufarirwa muviri ichi. General States aigona anoshandawo mumiririri mukuru simba zvikumbiro kana kuratidzira. Vanobva akasiyana munzanga vanosangana mokurukura nyaya yoga. Izvi hazvirevi siya kusawirirana pakati evanhu mapoka. Kubvira pakupera XIII remakore. France anotanga kuunganidza dzematunhu (local) inoti. A basa guru pakati pavo XV remakore. Paramende airidza Paris.

Estate umambo muRussia

MuRussia, chimiro kwakadaro hurumende ikoko muna 1569, apo Ivan Grozny musangano Cathedral wokutanga. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti paumbwe iri wehurumende ichi mumiririri nhengo aiva mamiriro ayo. Kusiyana masimba European muna Russian Zemsky Sobor haana kurambidza simba amambo. simba iri zvaisanganisira Boyar Duma, okugadza of Church uye vakasanangurwa vamiririri pakati burghers uye vanokudzwa. Miviri wemunda umambo muRussia musangano chaiyo murayiro wamambo. Zemsky Sobor akadanwa kukurukura kukosha dzenyika dzega. Ivo zvisarudzo pamusoro policies vavatorwa fiscal, uyewo akasarudzwa musoro wehurumende. Saka, Boris Godunov, V. Shumsky uye M. Romanov akasvika pachigaro panguva kukokwa of Zemsky Sobor.

Sezvo 30s ari XVI remakore. paiva Gidheoni wemuTesitamende Russia. Most achishingaira yakanga yakaumbwa panguva yaitonga Ivan anotyisa. Orders vaivawo matare uye okutarisira masimba uye vakasikwa ose miganhu chikwata.

Estate umambo mu Germany

Huru bwedu-mumiririri muviri simba muGermany aiva Reichstag. Kusiyana zvakafanana masangano muEngland uye France, hwakanga zvachose kuti "kuhondo youmambo", vakakoniwa kuva mutauriri zvinofarirwa vose. Reichstag akatora chimiro muzana XIV remakore. uye zvaisanganisira Curia matatu: machinda Imperial, electors, Imperial maguta. Major basa muupenyu ehurumende vakaridza kutanga. Curia maguta Imperial asina Kudzingwa kuvhota chero nyaya. basa rayo pasi machinda negwaro.

The Reichstag akanga paKokorodzano nokuda mambo kaviri pagore. Vamiririri siyana curiae achienda uye zvisarudzo voga. Yakajeka Unoshanda muna Reichstag haana. muviri ichi, pamwe chete Emperor akanga kukurukura dzimwe mutemo, mauto, mari kana miganhu matambudziko. Zvisinei, simba rayo riri mamiriro ezvinhu akanga usingashandi.

zvakawanikwa

Saka, kunzwisisa yavatezvara umambo chii, zvinokosha kuongorora kushanda mienzaniso nyika dzakasiyana. In pokukurukura State mumiririri mitumbi zvave kuna XIII - XV emakore. In sezvamunoita dzavo, sezvo mutemo, raiva vamiririri makirasi zvose. Zvisinei, panguva kuitwa chero sarudzo yakanga chikuru shoko kwamachinda uye nevafundisi.