Maximum, pasipasi uye paavhareji kudzika Pacific

Vanhu hwagara kukwezvwa zvakavanzika kubva pamberi pake. Kubva yakakura expanses wezvose gobvu zvokusvika munyanza ... Modern ruzivo kubvumira kuti ubatanidzwewo kudzidza zvimwe zvakavanzika pasi, mvura uye nzvimbo. The zvakawanda anosimudza chifukidziro chakavanzika, zvikuru vanhu vanoda kuziva, nokuti ruzivo zvitsva kukonzera mibvunzo. The pakukura, wedangwe uye runenge vakadzidza Pacific hakuna anosara. simba rake pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuti kuitika panyika, zviri pachena: ndiwo mukana ichireva uye kupfuura tikanyatsoongorora. Avhareji kudzika nePacific Ocean pasi kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, mirayiridzo dzenzvimbo, shoko pamwe mumakungwa uye mimwe miviri mvura - zvose kunokosha kuti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kushandiswa kwevanhu zvaro risingagumi.

nyanza

zvipenyu zvose kunoenderana mvura, ndizvo hwaro upenyu, saka kukosha kwokudzidza hydrosphere chipi zvacho ava kuchikosheswa pavanhu. Panguva paumbwe ruzivo urwu yakawanda pfungwa inobhadharwa sei Freshwater namatsime, uye uwandu yomunyu pfuma huru. Nyanza chikuru chikamu hydrosphere, iyo anopindura 94% of pepasi. Makondinendi, zviwi uye archipelagos kuudza muviri mvura, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kunan'anura navo munharaunda yakakura pachiso panyika. On a ano mepu kwenyika muna 1953 vomunyika dzakawanda hydrogeographic ina mavara nyanza: Atlantic, Indian, Arctic uye Pacific. Mumwe nomumwe izvi ane dzazvinogara Coordonatele uye pokugumira kuti chaizvo kwakajairika kuti kutamira mvura ndokuyerera. Tichishandisa achangobva pachena wechishanu - the Southern Ocean. Vose vari kwakasiyana tichitaura nharaunda, Bhuku mvura, kudzika uye akafanana. Vanopfuura 96% of hydrosphere - a wakawanda yomugungwa mvura, iyo zvinopfakanyika kutwasuka uye zvido zvevanhu negwara uye ane mashandiro ayo munyika yose pachake muviri, budiriro uye kushandisa simba Rwako. In upenyu ano nyanza inoita basa rinokosha: anoumba okunze ari mumakondinendi, nechokwadi Kuwanikwa zvinokosha chokufambisa kwezvivako, anopa vanhu yakawanda zvinhu, kusanganisira zvipenyu, kana ari mararamiro kuti zvinhu zvichigere ainyatsonzwisisa.

Pacific

49,5% zviri mumakungwa uye 53% kwayo mvura zvinhu inoremekedzwa zvikuru ekare uye asinganzwisisiki chikamu. Pacific Ocean pamwe kuuya makungwa ane mukuru papi mvura :. Kubva kuchamhembe nokumaodzanyemba - 16 zviuru km kubva kumavirira kusvikira kumabvazuva - 19 zviuru? Km .. Akawanda riri kumaodzanyemba latitudes. Most chinokosha ndivo mashoko uye kusanganiswa quantitative maitiro: hombe aqueous guru - mamiriyoni 710 makiromita ³ chavangayeukwa - vanenge mamiriyoni 180 makiromita ^3. Avhareji kudzika Pacific Ocean, maererano nokufungidzira siyana, kubvira 3900 kusvika 4200 mamita. The kondinendi chete kuti rusina pamvura vake - Africa. Vanopfuura 50 inoti iri pamusoro wayo egungwa uye zvitsuwa, pamwe mativi ose hydrosphere rine kwakajairika miganhu uye kugara chinjanai Rwako. Kuwanda cores yakarongwa Pacific Ocean, anopfuura mamiriyoni 10, vane kukura siyana uye mamiriro inotungamirwa. Over 30 makungwa kunze mvura yaro (kufunga zvemukati), nzvimbo yavo anopindura 18% of pepasi, chikuru chikamu iri kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo uye anogeza Eurasia. Kusimba makurusa Pacific Ocean, uyewo yose - iri Mariana mugoronga. tsvakurudzo wake ari kuitiswa kuti kare anopfuura 100 makore, uye mamwe mashoko pamusoro yakadzika basa anoenda, asi kunakidza nokuda masayendisiti munyika yose. Zviduku kudzika Pacific Ocean iri kuchengetwa kwaro kumahombekombe munzvimbo. Ndakadzidza zvakanaka zvakakwana, asi, vakapiwa dzavo kugara kushandiswa kwevanhu zvoupfumi basa, kudiwa zvimwe zvidzidzo zvesayenzi inowedzera.

History of budiriro

Peoples vaigara yePacific pamhenderekedzo mumakondinendi siyana, aiziva zvakawanda pamusoro wayo mumwe zvikamu, asi haana kumirira rose simba uye kukura mvura yacho. Yokutanga European kuona duku riri pamhenderekedzo mhenderekedzo, aiva Spaniard - wevarwi Vasco of Balboa, akakunda kugomo iri refu neeSultan pakati muIsthmus Panama. Zvaakaona, akatora kugungwa, uye akaitumidza South. Ndokusaka kuwanikwa nePacific Ocean uye achiita yomuzuva ranhasi zita iri mutero kuna Magellan, yakanga kwazvo rombo pamwe ezvinhu umo iye akayambuka kumaodzanyemba chikamu. Zita iri hazvirevi dzinoenderana neizvo mvura iyi vaRafa, asi vakabata pamusoro kupfuura vamwe, izvo zvaipiwa kanenge kuridzidza. Tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzakaitwa vakatevera mumakwara Magellan, nePacific Ocean akakwezva vaongorori matsva mibvunzo yakawanda. The Dutch, Chirungu, vanhu vokuSpain vakanga vachitsvaka nzira yokukurukurirana nayo anozivikanwa munyika uye kufanana akazarurwa itsva. Kufarira nevaongorori ndiro zvose; unova kudzama guru Pacific Ocean, kumhanya uye mirayiridzo kufamba mumvura makore, salinity, mvura kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, etc. More kwemashoko akazara masayendisiti akakwanisa kuunganidza muna XIX-XX emakore nguva inotungamirwa Oceanology somunhu sainzi ... Asi kuedza kutanga kuziva chii kudzika Pacific, Magellan akatanga kushandisa hemp tench. It Atadza - vakatadza kusvika pasi. Kubvira ipapo, nguva yakawanda yakapfuura, uye nhasi migumisiro kuyerwa zhinji yakadzika zvinogona kuonekwa pamepu ipi. Masayendisiti Modern kushandisa michina yemhando yepamusoro uye kazhinji kuziva apo pakadzika Pacific kunonyanyisa, apo mune nzvimbo yakaderera sandara, uye apo shoals nhema.

pasi gandiwa

Vanopfuura 58% of yose rinofukidza penyanza mubhedha. It ane siyana kwenzvimbo - zviri mumapani makuru, marefu anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri uye zvakadzama zvanza. The chikamu penyanza mubhedha inogona kupatsanurwa sezvinotevera:

1. Continental pasherefu (kudzika 0 kusvika 200 metres) - 8%.
2. The Continental materu (200 kusvika 2,500 metres) - 12%.
3. Gungwa mubhedha (kubvira 2500 kusvika 6000 metres) - 77%.
4. The kunonyanyisa udzamu (kubvira 6,000 kusvika 11.000 metres) - 3%.

Inotorwa reshiyo yakakwana vachiridza 2/3 seafloor, uye mashoko ose-siyana tsvakurudzo nzendo anogona siyana nemhaka kuramba kufamba pamusoro tectonic kwamahwendefa. Kururama kuyera mano iri kuwedzera gore ose, mashoko akawana kare kugadziridzwa. Chero zvazvingava, kunonyanyisa kudzika Pacific Ocean, ayo shoma kukosha uye muMedhia akapiwa kunobva pasi pasi pevhu kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. Shoma udzamu Kazhinji musi nharaunda yakabatana makondinendi - ndiye mumhenderekedzo yegungwa chikamu mumakungwa. Zvinogona kuva kureba 0 kusvika 500 metres, muMedhia akapiwa neeSultan 68 mamita.

Continental pasherefu kunoratidzwa chiduku kutsvetera, kuti ndiye. E. Ko sandara, kunze pamahombekombe, apo neeSultan gomo dziri. Panyaya iyi, zororo iri chaizvo siyana, zvanza uye makatsemuka isvike pasi kudzika 400-500 mamita. Pacific Minimum udzamu idukusa 100 metres. Big the reef uye the lagoon pamwe inodziya mvura yakachena vanopa mukana kuona zvose anoenda mberi nechepasi. The Continental materu uyewo dzinosiyana angled uye urefu - napo nzvimbo romumhenderekedzo yegungwa nharaunda. Typical maumbirwo wavo ane mvere, zvishoma nezvishoma achideredza kuzorodzwa kana kuvapo yakadzika kanjoni. Takaedza kutsanangura chokwadi ichi mushanduro vaviri tectonic uye mafashamo kuti rwizi mumipata. In nyasha yokupedzisira kubvuma ndiye ivhu ivhu yavo pasi, iyo ine rwizi hurungudo uye silt. canyons ava zvakadzama zvakakwana, nokuda kwavo paavhareji kudzika nePacific Ocean ane zvakawanda chaizvo ukoshi. The mubhedha chinhu sandara chikamu Nzvimbo ine dzose kudzika. Makatsemuka, crevices uye dzegirini pamusoro penyanza pauriri - a kakawanda chakajairika, uye kufadza kukosha pakadzika, Sezvambotaurwa, pane dziri Mariana mugoronga. Zvakazorodza pasi nzvimbo mumwe nomumwe, zviri mufashoni kuenzanisa pano nharaunda.

Features Pacific ruyamuro

Kudzika pakadzika muna Northern Hemisphere uye Southern mugove chinokosha (50% of nzvimbo penyanza pasi) anoda mukati 5,000 mamita. Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero munzvimbo chikamu penyanza vakawanda in uye makatsemuka, izvo iri kumucheto romumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi, munzvimbo yacho Continental pamateru. Vanenge vose uwirirane gomo neeSultan panyika uye une elongated chimiro. Izvi ndizvo mhenderekedzo Chile, Mexico uye Peru, sezvo boka iri rinosanganisira North Aleutian muchinjiziri, Kuril uye Kamchatka. Kumaodzanyemba hemisphere bheseni 300 metres urefu iri pamwe pazvitsuwa Tonga, Kermadec. Kuti uzive kuti zvikuru kudzika Pacific Ocean paavhareji, vanhu vakashandisa siyana tambo zviridzwa, nhoroondo iyo chokuita tsvakurudzo basa pamusoro mvura expanses panyika.

udzamu geji

Roti nzira ndiyo chinyakare udzamu zvokuyera. tambo uyu aine uremu pakupedzisira. Nokuti nokuyerwa gungwa uye zhinji yakadzika, chokushandisa ichi hachisi akakodzera, kubva uremu chichiburutswa waya kuchaita kusapfuudza kuti nhumbi. Zvakabuda zvokuyera vachishandisa mujenya akapa kururama mufananidzo kana pasina mibayiro. Interesting chokwadi: Roti Brook chaizvoizvo tega Petro 1. pfungwa yake yaiva yokuti waya akanga dzakabatanidzwa mutoro, izvo kana kurova pasi Pop kumusoro. Izvi chinomisa achideredza pamusoro mugove uye akaita kuti zvikwanisike kuti kuona udzamu. More yemhando udzamu geji inoshanda ichocho. Its chinhu ndiko kugona akakunda chikamu pasi mamwe kuongorora. izvi kuyera mano ose kuchikosha Vakaomerwa - apo vachiridza. Nokuti kugadzira tsika ainyatsonzwisisa guru waya zvakakodzera tikarega zvishoma nezvishoma mune mumaawa mashomanana, kuongorora mudziyo vanofanira kuramba vari standstill. Mumakore 25 apfuura, kuyerwa vakatakudzwa kubva tichibatsirwa Akash, iyo inoshanda panheyo chiratidzo chadzera. Maawa airarama masekonzi mashoma, paaiva sonogram unogona kuona mhando Uriri uye kutsvaka mungarava zvinhu. Kuti uone avhareji kudzika Pacific Ocean, zvinokosha kuti vakawanda kuyerwa, izvo akatizve pamwechete, mugumisiro rinowanikwa Delta.

History of nezviyero

XIX remakore ndiye "ndarama" nokuti oceanography zvavo uye Pacific zvikurukuru. Wokutanga rwendo Krusenstern uye Lisiansky akaita chinangwa chedu kwete chete kuyera kudzama, asiwo mumwe tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, arambe achirema uye salinity. 1823-1826 gg:. Kuitawo tsvakurudzo O. E. Kotsebu, yefizikisi E. Lenz akashandisa water bottle zvaakasika. 1820 aizivikanwa kuwanikwa Antarctica, kunorwa navigators F. F. Bellinsgauzena uye M. P. Lazareva kudzidza kuchamhembe makungwa zvePacific Ocean. Pamugumo XX remakore (1972-1976 gg.), Ngarava British "Challenger" kuita nzwisisika oceanographic tsvakurudzo, izvo zvakapa vakawanda vakashandisa kufambidzana ruzivo. Kubvira 1873, US Navy vachishandisa Gaugeable wakaiswa kudzika uye kwakaita nzvimbo yacho zviri Pacific Ocean uriri paakapa runhare netambo. XX remakore pakataurwa rwokugadzirwa izvo zvakakanganisa chaizvo basa Pacific vatsvakurudzi vakashamiswa uremu nyaya budiriro wevanhu vose,. Swedish, British uye Danish rwendo akaenda vakapoteredza nyika kudzidza kupfuura muviri mvura yedu. zvikuru sei kudzika Pacific Ocean ari kufadza uye pasipasi tsika? pfungwa idzi vari kupi? Ndezvipi pemvura kana pamusoro dzenzvimbo sei navo? Mugumisiro ndechokuti akaumbwa? Kudzidza akanga akatakurwa ari pasi kwenguva refu. Kubva 1949 kusvika 1957 vashandi ari "Vityaz" tsvakurudzo chikepe vakanyora mamiriro ayo yePacific pasi akagadzirwa zvenyaya okuyamura, yakawana kwayo kosi. Watch akaramba dzimwe zvikepe kuti tichingotarisira cruising mumvura kuwana yakarurama uye nguva zvikuru mashoko. Muna 1957, vatsvakurudzi ari "Vityaz" kuona pfungwa panguva ine udzamu mukuru nePacific Ocean - Mariana mugoronga. Nanhasi, ura ayo ukaongorora kwete oceanographers chete, asiwo zvipenyu, iyewo rwawana zvinhu dzinonakidza.

Mariana mugoronga

The muchimwiro kunosvika kuti 1,500 metres achitevedza chitsuwa chete kumadokero chikamu Pacific pamhenderekedzo. It sokunge achikanganisa uye ane zvakasiyana dzakadzika yose munzvimbo. History of chiitiko Rinobatanidzwa ne tectonic basa Pacific. In chidimbu ichi, yePacific ndiro anoenda pasi Philippine zvishoma nezvishoma, uchifamba 2-3 masendimita pagore. Panguva iyi, kufadza kudzika Pacific Ocean, uye zvose World zvakare. Kuyerwa vakatakudzwa kubva mumazana amakore, uye mumwe nguva tsika yavo vari kugadziridzwa. A kudzidza muna 2011 anopa zvikuru zvinoshamisa mugumisiro, izvo kungasava wokupedzisira. Gobvu akajekerwa Mariana mugoronga - "Challenger Deep": Chigadziko riri chinhambwe 10 994 metres pazasi pegungwa. Chidzidzo chake aishandisa bathyscaphe, vakapakata makamera uye namano kuti ivhu zvakabudiswa.

Chii kudzika Pacific Ocean?

The unequivocal Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu hapana: Chigadziko kwakaita nzvimbo yacho iri saka kunzwisisa uye kwete zvakazara kunzwisiswa, kuti mumwe nomumwe akadana nhamba anogona kugadziriswa mune ramangwana. Avhareji kudzika Pacific Ocean ndiye 4000 metres, yakadereresa - asingasviki 100 metres, akakurumbira "Challenger Deep" dzinoratidzwa hunoshamisa nhamba - anenge 11 000 metres! Mainland pamwe dzinoverengeka zvimwiro, izvo kukanganisa kwavo yakadzika depression "Knight 3 '(Tonga mutserendende 10 882 metres); "Argo" (9165, North Novogebridsky mutserendende); Cape Johnson (The Philippine muchinjiziri, 10 497), uye zvichingodaro. D. Mune Pacific, chikuru nhamba zvakadzamisisa pfungwa mumakungwa. Modern oceanographers kutarisira basa rakawanda dzinonakidza uye zvinoshamisa.

Biota

Chinozikamwa nokuti vanotsvakurudza ndechokuti kunyange kunonyanyisa kudzika 11 000 metres zvipenyu basa kuwanikwa: tuduku tupukanana vararame vasina chiedza, vari kuratidzwa kukuru kumanikidzwa ematani mvura. Yakakura expanses of Pacific Ocean ndivo dzinogarisana akakwana vazhinji mhando dzemhuka uye zvinomera. Sezvinoratidzwa chokwadi uye nezvedzimwe nhamba. Over 50% of munyika nyanza biomass aigara chaiyo iri Pacific, kusiyana kwemarudzi nokuti kuti mitumbi hombe remvura inowanika dzinodengenyeka dzose nyika. Tropical uye subtropical latitudes dzine vanhu vakawanda, asi muganhu wokuchamhembe havasi chinhu. A maitiro chepfungwa Fauna of Pacific Ocean ndiye endemism. Heano nzvimbo mhuka dzakawanda yekare nyika, pangozi (gungwa shumba, gungwa otters). Coral kumboongororwa tiri mumwe zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa uye kupfuma kwakaita kasvisto uye fauna of kwete chete chinokwezva yakawanda revashanyi, asiwo vakawanda nevatsvakurudzi. Pacific Ocean - guru uye simba. Basa vanhu yacho yokudzidza uye kunzwisisa aro ose pezvakaitwa, izvo zvichakubatsira kuti kuderedza mwero kukuvadza munhu uyu akasiyana mararamiro.