Physicochemical ehupfumi zviri negasi. Production uye kushandiswa negasi

The gaseous ezvinhu nyaya - rakajairika ichienzaniswa nezvimwe uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kubatana parameters. Pashure pezvose, ari mamiriro ichi:

• nyeredzi;
• yomuchadenga nzvimbo;
• nyika;
• chadenga;
• pezvakasikwa yose.

The chikuru chinosiyanisa ehupfumi kuti magasi - simba intermolecular aiita ari sekristaro yekamuri, nokuti izvo vanoonekwa uye zvose chikuru zvechadenga izvi zvinhu. Gas Chokwadi, kwazvo. Zvisinei, isu funga anokosha uye wechitatu rakajairika pasi redu - dzinongoitika.

Negasi: Kuronga

Kana munguva Qualitative Kuronga negasi, zvakakodzera pakarepo govera zvinoumba mapoka maviri: Organic uye inorganic. Nekuti kunyange zvinofungirwa kuti rinoumbwa methane, asi ichi hachisi chokwadi.

Organic zvinoriumba dzinosanganisira:

• methane - CH _4;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10;
• ethane - C ₂ H _4;
• kwakanyanya Mahydrocarbon vane kabhoni nhamba kupfuura shanu.

Inorganic zvinoriumba zvinosanganisira zvinotevera yeimwe:

• rehydrogen (riri shoma) - H _2;
• carbon dioxide inobvisa - CO _2;
• nehelium - kwete;
• senitrogen - N _2;
• rehydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

Chii chaizvo chiri Zvinoumba imwe musanganiswa kunobva kupi, i.e. deposits. Chete zvikonzero uye siyana physico-kwemakemikari ehupfumi ose negasi. Zvisinei, mumwe wavo ari zvikaramba uye mutengo anewo chimwe. Just vamwe mhando rinoshandiswa senzira huni, uye zvikuru dzimwe netsvina zvakare mafuta rinoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri nokuda kwetunhu yeimwe.

Physicochemical ehupfumi zviri negasi

Kuti tsanangurai parameters izvi chaizvo, unofanira kuziva chaizvo zvinodzidziswa Kuronga gasi nezvakasanganiswa. Pashure pezvose, kana rikunde kazhinji methane (97%) mairi, zvainyanya inogona vadzingirwa, kutungamirirwa naye.

Kana inorganic zvinoriumba kana anorema Mahydrocarbon rakawandisa (kusvika wandei muzana), ukuwo physico-namakemikari ehupfumi ari gasi shanduko pakarepo.

Naizvozvo, chete anofungidzirwa parameters muganhu panyaya maitiro zvinogona kutaurwa.

1. Vaingoerekana kuvesa tembiricha - 650-700 ⁰ C.
2. The octane nhamba - 120-130.
3. Harina ruvara, kuravidza uye kunhuwidza.
4. Vakareruka kupfuura mhepo anenge 2-nedanga, nyore kuti pfungwa muimba yepamusoro.
5. The arambe achirema munhu kwagara mamiriro (gasi) - 0,68-0,85 makirogiramu / m ^3.
6. Pasi pomureza ezvinhu, nguva dzose kuva gaseous ezvinhu aggregation.
7. Kana hwakakanyiwa mhepo kwazvo 5-15% chiri kuputika njodzi.
8. Calorific ukoshi - vanenge 46 MJ / m ^3.

Uyezve, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa uye makemikari divi gasi parameters.

1. Zviri zvikuru combustible, vaikwanisa kuzvidzora vesa kana kushandisa nezvitsiga uye pasina izvozvo pane imwe tembiricha.
2. Sezvo mukuru zvinoriumba - methane, kuti ine zvose waro namakemikari zvivako.
3. Zvinopinda kuzvitsinhanisa siyana, dehydrogenation pyrolysis kaviri refraction.
4. Compressed uye liquefied yakaderera tembiricha yakakwirira zvisingatauriki.

Zviri pachena kuti vakadaro physico-namakemikari ehupfumi ari gasi kuona zvakasiyana-siyana dzokushandisa indasitiri.

The dzinokosha ehupfumi zviri negasi

The dzinokosha ehupfumi pamusoro yeimwe izvi - ndiko kugona kuumba gasi hydrate deposits, ndiko kuti, muna yakasimba mamiriro. zvivako izvi anomiririra gungwa nemvura mamorekuru muzvinhu bhuku negasi ari nhamba 1/220. Saka, deposits ava akafuma kwazvo mhuka. Places kufungisisa kwavo zvakasikwa:

• pallets akaturikidzana mugungwa rakadzika;
• kuunganidza permafrost.

Conditions okurarama - the hydrodynamic kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha yakaderera.

Gas-munda

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro zviri negasi zvakasikwa, zvinokwanisika kuziva chikuru nzvimbo wevasungwa:

1. Izvi gomo emadhaka, zvicherwa, iyo yakaumbwa zhinji zvemakore anaerobic kuora kuti makemikari nyaya pakadzika akaturikidzana yacho goko.
2. Zvazvichanyungudutswa pasi.
3. Dziri mafuta, dzikaumba mafuta uye gasi chivharo pamusoro payo.
4. Richiwanika muchimiro gasi hydrates vari akaturikidzana pegungwa, uye hwakanyanya pfungwa kuchamhembe.

Kana isu kureva kuparadzirwa deposits inoona nezvenjodzi gasi, vatungamiri zvinotevera nyika:

• Russia.
• Gulf nyika.
• US.
• Canada.
• Iran.
• Kazakhstan.
• Azerbaijan.
• Uzbekistan.
• Norway.
• Turkmenistan.
• Netherlands.

Production munyika iri pagore inenge 3,643 tiririyoni mamita ³ pagore. Izvi, chete Russia chinoita 673 460 000 000 mamita ^3.

The tembiricha rwokuzvarwa gasi, umo ndipiswe, ndizvo 650 ⁰ C. Kureva, mwero panguva iyo anogona kuzvidzora-vesa. Izvi anosunungura mukuru kwazvo kupisa kupfuura panguva combustion imwe mafuta. Sezvingatarisirwa, izvi vasingagoni kukanganisa kukura kwebasa kushandiswa fuma.

Ndokusaka nyika dzakawanda kuti havana negasi reserves, kuti kupinza kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Akatakura akaita nenzira dzakawanda:

• nokuda Mapaipi ari gaseous chimiro;
• mune matangi mugungwa nzira - iri mvura;
• mu njanji tangi car - LPG.

Imwe neimwe nzira ine zvakanakira nekuipira. Zvikurukuru, zvomumvura uye njanji zvokusarudza njodzi, sezvo reactivity pamusoro liquefied gasi mu sepombi dzaserera dererei zvikuru pane ari gaseous mamiriro. The Mapaipi kunowedzerawo yedzimudzangara siyana uye mavhoriyamu ayo, mukuwedzera, nzira iyi zvemari kunobatsira.

Methane ari Zvinoumba negasi

Methane gasi chinhu chikuru chinoumba mbishi zvinhu ari Zvinoumba yepanyama nezvakasanganiswa. kugutsikana Its yemakomo kubva 70-98%. By pacharo, ichi ndicho yechitatu rakajairika nyika gasi kuti anopinda mafuta akafanana, yomuchadenga nzvimbo, mhepo nezvimwewo muchadenga.

Mumaonero wekemisitiri methane gasi - zvine yeHydrocarbon, chokuita akatevedzana nomuti aliphatic yeimwe. mumiririri rokutanga alkanes kana paraffins. reactivity Its yakaderera, anyarara zvikuru. Vaigona sei:

• kuzvitsinhanisa;
• oxidation zvakakwana;
• kutendeuka.

Solid Hauoneki utsi pfungwa, haana kwakanaka.

Mhando negasi

Kune mhando huru vatatu fuma iri mubvunzo.

1. Dry negasi - mumwe umo dzinopfuura 97% methane. Ndiko, zviri nouipi, kusanganisira vamwe Mahydrocarbon, yakaderera chaizvo.
2. Mhou gasi. Saka akadana muvhenganiswa ine zvishoma shoma inorema Mahydrocarbon.
3. Vasingatyi negasi - munhu akapfuma kunorema Mahydrocarbon uye inorganic zvinoriumba (senitrogen, rehydrogen, nehelium, argon, carbon dioxide, rehydrogen sulfide).

Pfungwa yakadaro sezvo coefficient negasi kuoma, kuongorora kunaka yakatsvuka zvinhu iyo hereinafter zvichabviswa yabereka zvigadzirwa. Pashure pezvose, negasi pacharo - ndiko chete nechigadziko. For maindasitiri akasiyana vanoda chigadzirwa yavo, saka chinogadzirwa kwazvo uye ndaichenesa zvaienderana chaizvo zvinodiwa.

risanyatsobuda

Negasi unhu iri zvakananga novimba sezvamunoita. Kana methane rikunde, ipapo chigadzirwa ichi chichava zvakanakisisa seinokonzera mafuta. Kana, zvisinei, zvikuru vari Zvinoumba mafuta Mahydrocarbon, zvakadai mbishi zvokuvakisa makemikari indasitiri - kupfuura zvakakodzera.

Kupa gasi zvakanaka quality, pane chinokosha namakemikari miti, umo vakachenesa kwazvo pamberi mberi kubudiswa uye akatumira kwavaiendeswa. Nzira kushanda achaenderana chinangwa chigadzirwa rinotarisirwa.

Somuenzaniso, kana richashandiswa kuti mumhuri zvinangwa, zvino ari awedzera chaiyo zvinhu, odorants, zvakadai mercaptans. Izvi zvinoitwa kuitira kuti munhuwi gasi kwazova, nekuti ipapo kana leakage zvichava nyore kuona. mercaptans All vane kunzwa zvakanaka.

Kushandiswa negasi

The kudyiwa negasi rinoitwa mumaindasitiri zhinji uye zvinhu. Somuenzaniso:

• CHP.
• Bhaira makamuri.
• Gas injini.
• Chemical kugadzirwa (zvaAtemisi mapurasitiki uye nezvimwe).
• Huni mota.
• Heating kuti musha.
• Cooking.

Naizvozvo, nyika kugadzirwa mbishi zvinhu mukuru, uye kupinzwa uye kunze kwenyika vari vanofungidzirwa mabhiriyoni emadhora.

The Environmental chinotaurwa

Kubva nemaonero yokuchena nokuti hunhu nani mafuta panobva pane negasi. Masangano Environmental tsigira zvakazara kushandiswa kwayo. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, combustion gasi inoenda kuunganidza rimwe kuita zvinhu - carbon dioxide.

Uye sezvo kwazvinoita girinihausi magasi, nyika makwai ake kune ngozi chaizvo. Saka kuitwa zvakawanda nemabasa, zvirongwa kuti kudzivirirwa zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro yepasi kubva rava girinihausi maturo.