Color upofu - chii ichi? Kuongororwa ruvara upofu. Chitupa chokutyaira, uye ruvara upofu

Kunyange kana usati wambosangana munhu asingakwanisi kusiyanisa chero ruvara, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti ruvara upofu - ndiwo vanowanzochema chirwere dzazvino. Pakati vagere nyika inogona ruvara bofu handizvo chete vanhu. mhuka vakawanda "vane" ruvara upofu. Somuenzaniso, nzombe havana kujaira tsvuku uye zvakaoma zvikara seshumba uye Tigers, rinozivikanwa zvitema chete uye girini. Saizvozvowo kuonesesa mavara katsi nembwa. Walruses, hove huru uye Dolphins regai kusiyanisa mavara uye kuona nyika dzakaripoteredza nhema uye chena.

Seiko mavara zvose zvinowanikwa ziso?

The the retina womunhu ziso - chinhu chisinganzwisisiki, multifactorial muviri chokushandisa, iyo vatendeuki chiedza anotikurudzira uye rinopindura kuona chinhu zvayo chaiyo chimiro uye vose noruvara ruvara. Inoshandiswawo nechiedza-inonyatsoziva pasikweya ane ruvara mhosva ruvara tsananguro. Muvanhu, pane mhando nhatu chiedza Switch iri the retina, akadana pasikweya. In nerimwe - chaiyo yakatarwa mapuroteni pigments. Kutaura mutauro nesayenzi, mumwe nomumwe pasikweya izvi ndiye omumwe imwe ruvara: tsvuku, girini uye zvitema kwerima guru. Kana apo mumwe yakatarwa mapuroteni pigments vasipo, munhu anorasikirwa anokwanisa kuona imwe ruvara. Chaiye oparesheni, zvose zvitatu sensors mumwe anonzwisisa miriyoni noruvara ruvara, asi vaviri - 000 chete 10 (100 nguva asingasviki). Color upofu - yakatsauka kubva ndozvakajairwa, kana kuvhiringidzwa dzinenge imwe chiedza Switch.

Vanhu vane ruvara bofu, anenge musaonesesa mavara, asi anogona kuziva ruvara Nokupenya kana pasi, kutonhora kana kudziya. Color bofu havasi kuziva pamusoro chirwere uye regai kuona kusawirirana kwavo omumwe nemanzwiro evamwe vanhu. Izvi zvinovabatsira ndangariro. Kuti ndangariro uye nekupenya kuvatendera kutonga chaizvo ruvara uye kuenzanisa nayo nemumwe palette.

Mhando ruvara upofu

In ruvara upofu pane mhando zhinji. Dzimwe nguva munhu pakuzvarwa iri ruvara pasikweya asingasviki matatu. Nokudaro, boka revanhu vane ruvara maonero:

• trichromats (kuipa, zvose pasikweya matatu pigments mapuroteni basa iri the retina).

• dichromate (kushanda maviri chete pasikweya; achiomerwa yakabvuma zhinji maketeni).

Icho kutsaudzira pakuguma Dzhon Dalton, Chirungu zvakasikwa uye akatanga kurondedzera upofu pachavo manzwiro avo kubva esayenzi maonero. Akanga achangobva kurapwa dichromates boka kana tsvuku uye girini vanoonekwa sezvo yakasiyana noruvara mashava uye tsvuku. basa iri ruvara upofu D. Dalton First akanyora panguva pakuguma XVIII remakore.

• monochromat (unoshanda mumwe chete mhando cône, umo nyaya dzwa kuti ruvara upofu kunoratidza kuti vanenge mavara vanhu havazivi yose rasviba uye chena kwavari).

kanganisika trichromats

Kune zvarakasiya uye vanhu vane the retina iri yaipiwa vose vatatu chiedza sensors, uye, sokuti, mavara zvose zvinofanira kutorwa. Dambudziko anogona vavete dzinonzi kukundikana ruvara. Chokwadi ndechokuti, Zvakanakisa, chiedza aikanganiswa weziso nharaunda sensors kuti vane basa omumwe imwe ruvara anofanira bindepinde mumwe, hazvo noruvara. Izvi zvinoita ziso kunzwisisa zvose nuances zviri kuchinja kubva ruvara mumwe, kubva yebhuruu kune girini, kubva mutema kune yero, kubva yeyero neorenji uye. Kana aikanganiswa pakati chaishanda wenharaunda (seari pane mumwe), vanotanga nharo, layered noruvara, mavara dzakachena kupera. Uropi chinozadzwa akanyonganisa uye otanga kuziva zvimwe mavara ari nyore pfumbu. Izvi zvinonzi-ruvara matatu chiono mwero.

vachiberekwa ruvara upofu

Mienzaniso kana zvakakwana kutadza kusiyanisa mavara - a zvokurwara pamusoro (vashoma zvikuru) nhaka kana vawana.

nhaka colorblindness - recessive nhaka chokuita zvokurwara pamusoro X chromosome, saka kazhinji chirwere vari nhaka kubva amai mukomana.

Sokuziva, nesheche mudumbu - svikiro maviri X okutodza. Asi nokuti kuipa ruvara maonero zvakasiyana hwakanaka X chromosome. On vasikana 'ezvinhu rinoshanda chete panyaya kana ruvara upofu zvakunoita zvose amai nababa. Asi pano, maererano nemitemo genetics, colorblindness vakadzi vane chete chromosome mumwe kubva zvakakanganisa Gene hauna richiratidzwa vatakuri vanogona kuenda nhaka kumwanakomana wake. Asi izvi hazvirevi hazvo kuitika. Majini ruvara upofu hunogona kutapukira kunyange kuburikidza nezvizvarwa zvakawanda. Zvakare mukono vakawanda kazhinji muwisira nengozi.

Maererano nenhamba, colorblindness vakadzi ndee chete muna 0.1% nyaya. Pakati pavanhu, ruvara upofu 8%. In nhaka chokufunga upofu - ndiko, somunhu ushe, zvokurwara nameso vaviri, kwete mberi ne nguva.

Color upofu vawana

The Pane zvinhu nekufemera kuzviwanira ruvara upofu, nguva dzose zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga ukama kana pfungwa kukuvara kana kuvadza the retina ziso. Dzimwe nguva zvichiita mwana chipaparadzungu anogona vakazoroorwa ine zvainoita ruvara maonero. Kuwedzera uduku kunotevera, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuchinja kuzviwanira ruvara upofu:

• Old zera.
• kukuvara nokuda kunotevera ziso.
• Concomitant ocular zvirwere (yemaziso, tsanga uye vamwe.).
• Zvinodhaka kuti akanga marwadzo.

Diagnosing colorblindness. yokuedzwa

Color upofu - ichi kwakapiwa kuti iwe ingotora. Haasi kurapwa. Ndiyo chete sechipiriso chiridzwa nzeve: ndiye munhu, uye asingatadzi. Usingafaniri tichiita kuzvidzora kuongorora chirwere. Kana ukaona munhu kutsaudzira ruvara maonero pa pachako kana vana venyu, unofanira kuona nyanzvi. Pane yakaonekwa kuti ndeyechokwadi nzira yokuziva ruvara upofu uye kuona.

1. Test Rabkin (polychromatic tafura).

Muchiedza nokuti ruvara upofu pamuedzo uyu rinoitwa nokuona tafura zvinoratidza nhamba dzakasiyana kana tsamba. Verengeka akadhindwa mufananidzo uchishandisa mavara dzakarukwa, akafanana kuti siyanisa uye nekupenya. The bvunzo Zvichaguma mano bvunzo kuwana ari mifananidzo vaida nhamba kana tsamba.

2. Test Ishihara.

Kuongorora kwakafanana muchimiro matafura, vachibvumira zvakarurama kutsanangura mwero, zvikuru mwero ruvara upofu uye achromatopsia. Pane yakazara mumutauro uyu wokutendeka 38 matafura. Vari dzinoshandiswa ophthalmologists ounyanzvi.

A wakaatapudza shanduro 24 matafura inoshandiswa nokukurumidza yokuedzwa apo vakabhadhara matunhu neminisiparati mahofisi, dzendege. Panewo pfupi, kushandiswa reShanduro 10 tafura pre-kuchikoro vana uye kuverenga vanhu. Panzvimbo tsamba uye nhamba pamahwandefa aya akashandisa mufananidzo geometric zvitarisiko uye mitsara yakasiyana.

Color Upofu uye munhu basa

Patinogumira kuti anogona chokuita basa zvisarudzo ruvara-bofu, zvinokosha chaizvo. Chokutanga, kurambidzwa izvi anoshanda ounyanzvi hwokugadzira apo pane mutoro upenyu, kana vamwe. Colorblind haazogamuchirwi muchiuto haangavi vezvikepe ndege, vatyairi ezvokutengeserana motokari uye mishonga. For ounyanzvi hwokugadzira izvi rokumanikidzirwa wepagore zvokurapa bvunzo, vari kubvuma kuti mabasa ounyanzvi. Kana munhu ari kuongorora kwakaratidza upofu, chaipo kupupura kwake nehasha ipfupi. Anogona kuita yokungotaura Kurovedza vaduku nenyanzvi kuita basa hofisi chokuita zvavo unyanzvi.

Color Upofu uye chitupa chokutyaira

Kana mune zvimwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira upofu - ari mutongo, ipapo kuwana rezinesi rokutyaira kurambidzwa kushandisa zvachose. Zvakakosha kuti nyanzvi pfungwa.

Chitupa chokutyaira, uye ruvara upofu - pfungwa rakanyatsojeka inowirirana, asi chete pashure kwemamiriro ane ophthalmologist. chiremba chete anosarudza mhando uye dhigirii ruvara upofu, naizvozvo, authorizes murwere kuti kushandisa motokari. Colorblind anogona kuwana "A" rezinesi uye "B", chiri chokwadi kuti kuvapo chiratidzo "Pasina kodzero kuti basa."

Kubatsira colorblind

Masayendisiti kugara kupa "midziyo" zvokurapa itsva inogona kuderedza kutambura kwevanhu vakaremara. Zvakaratidza kuti pasinei nokuti vanachiremba havagoni kugadzirisa cône-sensors vakava zvinobvira reprogram uropi akagadzirisa maonero ruvara. Nhasi kune chaiyo magirazi kuti vane yakamanikana spectral rinoparadza anongoti "chekawo" lenses uye mavara akachena takaparadzaniswa mumwe. Zvingakubatsira chiwedzere musiyano anobvumira tsvuku, zvitema uye mitema mavara haana kuvhenganiswa.

Science yakabatsira vakawanda colorblind kuona mavara, nokuvapo zvavakanga vasingatombozivi: yepepuru, inopenya girini uye piriviri.