Computer negonzo: nhoroondo yokusika. Zvairatidzika seyokutanga kombiyuta mbeva?

Nhasi, negonzo - rinofanirawo mazano nokuda makombiyuta zvose ano. Asi nguva ichangopfuura zvakanga zvose zvakasiyana. Computers havana graphical User inowanikwa, kuraira uye mashoko anogona kupindwa kushandisa chete kiibhodhi. Zvino kwakange wokutanga chaizvo kombiyuta mbeva? Uchashamisika kuona sei shanduka kwabva kuburikidza zvatinosiita kuti nyaya imwe neimwe.

Ndiani akazogadzira wokutanga kombiyuta mbeva?

Douglas Engelbart anonzi baba mudziyo uyu. Aiva mumwe wevaya masayendisiti vari kuedza sayenzi pedyo vanhuwo zvavo uye mberi nyore wose. Iye akagadzira wokutanga kombiyuta mbeva mukutanga Kuma1960 zviri yezvirwere ake panguva Stanford Research Institute (zvino SRI International). The kumumvuri yokutanga yakavakwa muna 1964, muna bvumidzwa chikumbiro nokuda kuvamba ichi, kudare muna 1967, akanzi ave "xy nzvimbo chakarurama kuti kuratidzira hurongwa". Asi pamutemo gwaro pasi nhamba 3541541 rwaiwanikwa chete muna 1970.

Asi zvinhu zvose nyore?

Zvaizoratidza sokuti munhu wose anoziva akasika wokutanga kombiyuta mbeva. Asi trackball technology (bhora nemotokari) yakatanga kushandiswa ambotaurwa zvikuru Navy Canada. Zvadaro, muna 1952, negonzo chinhu kwakajairika Bowling bhora dzakabatanidzwa kunzwisisa Hardware gadziriro, izvo zvinogona kunzwa chaishanda kwenyika uye vanotevedzera kufamba ake pamusoro chidzitiro. Asi nyika chete vakawana makore akazotevera - nokuti waiva chakavanzika uto kuvamba kuti haana patented uye havana kuedza kubereka akawanda. Makore 11 gare gare atova kuzivikanwa, asi D. Engelbart ariwana isashande. Panguva iyoyo haana kuziva sei kuisa chiratidzo wake negonzo uye mudziyo.

pfungwa akaita sei?

pfungwa Basic pamusoro nokugadzirwa rokutanga rakauya kuna D. Engelbart muna 1961, apo akanga ari musangano iri kombiyuta Graphics uye akafungisisa dambudziko kuwedzera kubudirira vatambi kadambari. Zvaitika kwaari kuti nokushandisa zviduku mavhiri maviri zvinokambaira Notizheft (rimwe rengoro zvayaitenderera paguyo yakatambarara, uye mumwe - vertically) kombiyuta anogona chamber mubatanidzwa kutenderera uye ukuwo, kutamisira cursor pamusoro kuratidzwa. Kusvika pamwero nheyo chiito zvakafanana planimeter - .. A mudziyo chinoshandiswa mainjiniya uye geographers kuyera madaro pamepu kana kudhirowa, etc. Ipapo musayendisiti akanyora pfungwa iyi notibhuku yenyu kuti zvishandiswezve.

Vanozopinda ramangwana

Papera pfuurei gore, D. Engelbart akagamuchira ngaamuitire kubva Institute kutanga kwayo pakutsvakurudza zvokuita inonzi "Kuvandudza Human Mind." Pasi payo iye waimiririra hurongwa apo vashandi ruzivo kushanda kumusoro-waivako kombiyuta dzemapurisa pamwe dyidzana anoratidza, kuwana zvakawanda mashoko paIndaneti nzvimbo. Naro, vanogona kushanda pamwe chete, nekugadzirisa matambudziko zvinokosha chaizvo. Asi nyika ino husisipo ano chiyamuro namano. Pashure pezvose, kuti wakasununguka kushamwaridzana zvinhu pamusoro chidzitiro, unofanira kukwanisa kukurumidza kusarudza pavari. NASA kufarira chirongwa uye akapa ngaabvumire kuitira kuti kombiyuta mbeva rakagadzirwa. Wokutanga shanduro mudziyo uyu zvakafanana ano kunze aenzana. In zvakafanana, chikwata vatsvakurudzi yagadzirwa, uye dzimwe namano, izvo akabvumira kudzora cursor nokutsikirira rutsoka chitiviri kana ibvi sangano chaiyo kiramba pasi petafura. zvigadzirwa izvi havana vapona, asi joystick, yakaitwa panguva imwe chete, yakazonzi hwakavandudzika uye richiri kushandiswa.

Muna 1965, kuti chikwata D. Engelbart yakabudisa kwokupedzisira Mushumo wayo kudzidza uye kunyatsoongorora kubudirira akasiyana nzira kusarudza zvinhu pamadziro. Paiva kunyange vazvipiri aimbotaurawo kuedzwa. Zvino seizvi: Chirongwa inoratidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana chidzitiro uye vanozvipira vakaedza sezvo kombiyuta akasiyana mano nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Maererano migumisiro nemiedzo yokutanga kombiyuta mbeva zvakajeka kupfuura zvose mamwe mano uye vanobatanidzwa sezvo mureza zvokushandisa kumwe kutsvakurudza.

Zvairatidzika seyokutanga kombiyuta mbeva?

Rakaitwa namatanda uye akatanga chiyamuro mudziyo, iyo anoiswa muruoko rokushandisa. Kuziva musimboti wayo kuita, iwe kare haufaniri kushamisika, zvaiita seyokutanga kombiyuta mbeva. Pasi muviri vaviri simbi discs, vhiri, dunhu. Bhatani yakanga chete, uye waya akaenda pasi kwevanhu chiningoningo, vakabata tambo. The kumumvuri wakazviunganidza rimwe chikwata nhengo D. Engelbart, ake mutevedzeri, William (Bill) Inglish. Pakutanga, iye aishanda mumwe murabhoritari, asi nokukurumidza akabatana chirongwa chokusika chiyamuro mano, kwakasimbiswa uye rakatangwa pamasikiro chiridzwa itsva.

Tilting uye vachidzungudza negonzo, unogona kuwana purofiti zvakakwana yakarurama chinjikira uye tote nemitsetse.

Muna 1967, pekugara zvava epurasitiki.

Dzinobvepi zita?

Sezvineiwo hapana anoyeuka uyo kunzi mbeva mudziyo uyu. Its kwaedzwa 5-6 vanhu, zvinokwanisika kuti vamwe vavo yakarira zvakafanana. Kunyanya munyika wokutanga kombiyuta mbeva waiva waya-muswe pakupedzisira.

zvimwe kuvandudzika

Chokwadi, prototypes vaiva kumbonaka.

Muna 1968 muSan Francisco panguva kombiyuta musangano D. Engelbart akatanga akura yokutanga kombiyuta mbeva. Vaiva mabhatani matatu, kunze kiibhodhi doukomplektovyvalas dzavo mudziyo noruoko rworuboshwe. Pfungwa yaiva iyi: rworudyi tichishanda negonzo, kusarudza uye simba zvinhu. Uye vakasiya pamwe nyore kunokonzera mirayiro uchishandisa chiduku kiibhodhi pamwe makiyi shanu refu yakaita piyano. Ipapo zvakava pachena kuti mashoko worunhare wacho ruoko waya vhiringidza apo yokushandisa parachuti, uye kuti inofanira kuratidzwa nokune rumwe rutivi. Chokwadi, chivakashure noruoko rworuboshwe haina kubatwa, asi Douglas Engelbart akarishandisa pamakombiyuta zvavo kusvikira okupedzisira.

Akaramba basa iri kuvandudzwa

vamwe zvasvika akazotevera nzendo mbeva pakukura pechikuva. Most dzinonakidza ndechokuti D. Engelbart kumbogamuchira chero royalties kubva kuvamba yake. Sezvo patented sezvamakaudzwa Stanford Institute nyanzvi, Institute Mutemo wainzi dzinongoda pamusoro mudziyo.

Saka, muna 1972, Bill Chirungu kwakatsiva mavhiri pamusoro trackball, izvo akabvumira kuziva kufamba negonzo chero divi. Kubvira ipapo akashanda pana Xerox PARC kambani, chigadzirwa chitsva ichi wava chikamu yepamusoro Xerox Alto maitiro mitemo. Waiva Mini-kombiyuta ine graphical inowanikwa. Saka, vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti isiri yokutanga kombiyuta mbeva yagadzirwa pa Xerox kambani.

Inotevera Danho okukura kwakaitika pamwe negonzo muna 1983, apo mutambo apinda ne Apple. Enterprising Stiv Dzhobs akaita zvinofungidzirwa mari vakawanda kweShanduro mudziyo waiva inenge $ 300. Zvakanga kudhura zvokuti paavhareji mutengi, saka kwakasarudzwa kurerutsa pamasikiro negonzo uye kutsiva mabhatani vatatu mumwe. The mutengo kwakadonha kuti $ 15. Uye kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo ichiri kunzi pamakakatanwa, Apple hakuna kukurumidza kuchinja iconic kugadzira.

Yokutanga kombiyuta mbeva yaiva rectangular kana mativi chimiro, anatomical woita magadzirirwo akaonekwa chete muna 1991. It akatanga kambani Logitech. Kuwedzera kune zvinofadza chimiro utsva zvakanga Wireless: kutaurirana pamwechete kombiyuta anopiwa pachishandiswa redhiyo mafungu.

Yokutanga Manyiminya mbeva akazviratidza muna 1982. Raiva zvakafanira kushanda chinokosha bonde pamwe afoot yakadhindwa. Uye kunyange zvazvo bhora iri trackball nokukurumidza kusvibisa uye chikonzero kuzvuzvungudza kuti chokwadi chokuti aifanira kugara kucheneswa, asi Manyiminya mbeva yakanga kutengeswa hazvikubatsiriyi kusvikira 1998.

Chii chakazoitika?

Sezvo imi munoziva, "akadanidzira" pamwe trackball iri rinenge kwete kushandiswa. Technology, chitarisiko uye ergonomics kombiyuta mbeva inongogara kuitwa akavandudzika. Uye kunyange nhasi, kana zvakawanda yakakurumbira mune Namano touchscreens, rokutengesa dzavo urege kuwa.