Boka pakati - zviri ... The akaturikidzana munzanga. Boka pakati muRussia uye muEurope

Chimwe chikuru zviri mukirasi evanhu muboka iri kuziva kwake pachake "pfungwa yakajairika ani, tsika nhengo imwe munzanga" (Abercrombie, N., et unto. Sociological Dictionary, 1997). Munzanga yacho iri refu chimiro, kusiyana, semuenzaniso, mutengi rukoko. An chinokosha specificity mafungiro ndiko uchatamisa zvokushandisa kuti boka nhaka munzanga.

MARARAMIRO kudzidza

Sezvataona A.Ş. Zhvitiashvili ( "Dudziro pfungwa" kirasi "munezvimwe Western evanhu", 2005), kuteerera dambudziko zvidzidzo sayenzi noukama kirasi kwakakonzerwa zviviri:

• Kuzivikanwa shoma zvakaita yakafanana yokuti mumabhuku Karla Marksa;
• kushingaira nzeve kwokushanduka pezvakaitwa ari Russian pehurumende uye kunyika Eastern Europe.

Panyaya iyi, nyaya yakakodzera kunoratidzei munzanga yedu, pakati kirasi muchikwata richakazaruka nhasi, zvose mudzimba uye mune dzimwe Sociological dzidziso.

Chinetso Kusiyanisa pakati pfungwa "munzanga" iri Western evanhu

Western Sayenzi vanhu kunosanganisira zvakawanda zviri kuitikawo kududzirwa pfungwa mukirasi. Chokutanga, izvi ndiko kubva chikuru zvoupfumi chokuratidza ari kuongorora mukirasi-muitiro. Kudivi rimwe, danho iri zvinoita bvunzo yakawanda zvikuru pfungwa. Kune vamwe - zviri pasocial stratification mukuona anova shoma vamwe: muganhu pakati pfungwa mukirasi uye stratum anova zvishoma distinguishable hunhu.

Zviratidzo mukirasi nepakati

Kubva nemaonero West Germany Economist uye yokutungamirira, muvambi ano ezvinhu upfumi muGermany, Lyudviga Erharda, kirasi pakati - vanhu unomira pakati zvinotevera Qualitative unhu:

• nokuzviremekedza;
• Maererano kuzvimirira;
• ushingi kuisa kwavo kuvapo muna kuvimba kubudirira basa ravo;
• mumagariro utsigo;
• rusununguko;
• chido kutaura pachavo pane akasununguka veruzhinji uye nyika.

Uyewo, Edgar Savisaar, aimbova rokutanga wehurumende kuEstonia, unoratidza unhu izvi mukirasi pakati, yakadai se:

• yakatsiga uye chokwadi mumagariro mamiriro ezvinhu;
• pazera yakakwirira nemararamiro, dzidzo uye kudzidzisa;
• soro makwikwi pabasa pamusika;
• mashoko akajeka pamusoro zviitiko munharaunda;
• political kusava nechokwadi;
• kuzvimirira zvakakwana ari kuongorora mashoko;
• refu pamwero wokuzvidzora kunyatsoshanda munzanga;
• Basa nezvainoita inokosha evanhu pezvakaitwa;
• refu azvipire ehurumende basa;
• dzidziso, dziri kuwedzera pachake uye mhuri yake, kuti nzanga yose zvayo.

Nokudaro, zvose classifications haisi zvikuru Kumikidzo zvoupfumi parutivi pakati-kirasi kuvapo, asi nezuva evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika.

Rumbariro kirasi uye boka nyanzvi

Achienzanisa muzvizhinji kuti mid-siyana zvinhu zvikaramba ne Erhard, pamwe unhu kuti anoshandisa American nyanzvi Talcott Parsons, kutsanangura Pfungwa nenyanzvi inogona kuona imwe masanga. In kwavo Maonero parsonsovsky nenyanzvi ari mutsigiri norupo-gutsaruzhinji tsika, kusanganisira - basa nemazvo uye udyire basa vatengi vavo. Kuvapo professionalism, maererano Parsons uye Storer, paanotarisira kuchengetera, kupararira uye kushandisa unyanzvi ruzivo uye refu kuzvionera mumunda kukwezva nhengo itsva nounyanzvi munharaunda, kudzivirirwa kubva zvakatipoteredza, kuvimbika uye nevamwe.

Saka, pfungwa yapakati mukirasi uye nyanzvi zviri pedyo nepedyo Sociological ongororo dzakawanda.

Kusiyanisa of uye kirasi pakati "itsva" "wekare"

Zvinoreva pfungwa mukirasi pakati ane simba specificity, zvakananga kuratidza socio-upfumi zvechadenga munzanga imwe nguva. Saka, nenzira ano dudziro mukirasi pakati chiri qualitatively itsva munzanga chaiyo.

Mumaonero the American nyanzvi C. Wright Mills, mukusiyana kuna, kirasi "mutsva" "wekare" pakati kunyanya yaiva Entrepreneurs duku vanozvitsaurira purofiti yavo huripo pfuma. Uyewo, iyo American kirasi yapakati yaiva mumaruwa bourgeoisie uye nyika yaro panguva imwe chete akaita somunhu nzira inoshandiswa, iyo nzira mari, uyewo mari chinhu. Saka, pane chinoramba yakazvimirira entrepreneur, kuzvicheka-miganhu vane mabasa ounyanzvi. Labor uye pfuma nokuda American kirasi pakati vakanga vasingasiyani. Mukuwedzera, magariro mamiriro muchikwata ichi vemunyika zvakare zvakananga novimba mamiriro kwokuva pfuma yavo.

Nokudaro, boka "wekare" pakati akanga ane proprietary hwaro, uyewo delimitation yakajeka. Uyewo kuti vamiririri vayo yakanga vaine rusununguko kubva kumusoro munzanga uye neHurumende.

Mashandiro dzekirasi pakati ari muvanhu

Nzvimbo kirasi pakati iri nechepakati magariro saka anotipa hama kugadzikana uye chacho hachichinji. Saka, pakati kirasi - rudzi nomurevereri pakati yokunyanyisa matanda ari stratification maumbirwo vanhu. Nokudaro optimum muyananisi mabasa zvakafanira kuti uyu rukoko nzanga ine zvakakwana simba.

Ukuwo, sezvo vakawanda mudzimba evanhu, chiso hombe zvakakwana kuitira kuti stabilizer nerevane panobva magariro, iyo nezvezvaiitwawo kirasi pakati. configuration Izvi zvinogoneka chete kana kirasi pakati anoenderana zvimwe zvinhu zvechadenga enyika upfumi: mutemo, ruzivo zviito uye anokwanisa kudzivirira zvavanofarira, rusununguko mafungiro uye nevamwe.

The tsika Western

Pakutanga, kumadokero sayenzi pfungwa kirasi pakati akaziviswa nevanhu uye pavazhinjisa zvavo. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa yokuti Ortega and Gasset chiri pakati-kirasi mediocrity mumunda ruzivo uye unyanzvi. In Hegel, agozviratidza somunhu isina kugadzirwa guru - pasina zvimwe zvinangwa neururami.

Pakati mudzimba uye dzimwe nzira kuti pakati kirasi muchikwata munharaunda pane musiyano chinokosha. Somuenzaniso, boka pakati kuEurope, tichitarisa ari nyanzvi French Pierre Bourdieu, kuwedzera guru upfumi dzinounzwa sezvo simba iri Marxist dzidziso, rinofanira kubva evanhu musoro, tsika uye kwokufananidzira. Chimwe chimiro guta yokufananidzira Bourdieu ezvematongerwo pfungwa. Kodzero muridzi rwakanga rwakakura vhidhiyo, kana akasvika upfumi uridzi. Kana tsika chikamu zvaionekwa uchapupu chitupa kana zvedzidzo rokuremekedza. The Social muridzi akasimbiswa zita kwamachinda. Saka yakaumbwa tsanangudzo vanhu nepakati-kirasi zvakakwana.

Uyewo kucherechedzwa imwe pfungwa inokosha. Kumadokero tsika pakati strata nzanga vanoziva chokwadi kuti chaiyo haisi chinhu appropriation, uye ari zvakare pamwe aifanira kuzadzisa zvinoverengeka paruzhinji mabasa. Zvikasadaro, hachigoni kuva rokuvaudza, kuramba yakazaruka zvisizvo nevamwe.

Kukurukurirana dambudziko mukirasi pakati mune Russian muvanhu

Boka pakati mu Russia iri yoga muboka kuti masayendisiti gakava iri Sociological dzidziso. Somuenzaniso, vamwe evanhu Western toramba kuvapo nezvokuvapo rukoko urwu munzanga munguva kushanda Soviet Union uye panguva yezwi post-Soviet hurongwa (Zhvitiashvili, 2005). Kubva nemaonero H. Baltsera mu Russian zvemagariro stratification mamiriro pane kuvapo pakati layer asi zvakasiyana kubva dzekare kunzwisisa pfungwa "Kirasi pakati" iri muvanhu.

Uyewo, kuRussia nyanzvi AG Levinson anonyora kuti mubvunzo ariko mukirasi pakati kuRussia sechinhu empirically verifiable chinhu hauna chinokosha. Panyaya iyi ndiyo zita rakapiwa imwe boka revanhu, kana pamusoro kududzirwa vamwe zvabuda chete. Mubvunzo kuvapo kirasi pakati muRussia anofanira akasarudza kwete zvakatipoteredza umo anoitisa rinoshandisirwa kana chikuru pakutsvakurudza munharaunda uye pakati paruzhinji uye voruzhinji masangano, somuenzaniso - iri gadziriro voruzhinji. Panguva iyoyowo, sezvakataurwa nomunyori nokuti vaongorori vakawanda, vaisanganisira vari kukurukura pamusoro kuvapo / kusavapo mukirasi pakati mu Russian muvanhu, riri nani kuti Kusiyanisa kuti pfungwa dzakadaro se "vakadzidza", "nyanzvi", "pakati utariri" uye vamwe.

Zvinoitwa kirasi pakati mu sechivako Russian evanhu vemazuva ano

Classical kunzwisisa kunosanganisira pfungwa kwete varidzi pfuma imwe saizi, asiwo inokosha vatakuri evanhu netsika -. Socio-enyika basa, chinorwisa evanhu kumonyanisa pachake chiremera uye rusununguko, etc. Zvichakadai, wokuRussia mamiriro mukuvamba 90s. Vanochinja vaiona pfuma noukama munzanga bedzi kubva zvoupfumi divi.

Kunyange nhasi pane vakasara maonero kuti "mbiru veruzhinji" zvinosanganisira chero " 'mukoma'" Solntsevo kana Tambov Mafia "(Simonian AD" pakati kirasi:? Munzanga mirage kana chokwadi ", 2009) - somuenzaniso, pahwaro pamberi michina maviri mumhuri uye vamwe.

Panyaya iyi, zvipfuwo Sociological pfungwa pane zvimwe kutsanangura, apo kirasi pakati kuRussia inosanganisira mubhizimisi kunyanya private, uye kwete mainjiniya, vanachiremba kana vadzidzisi. Nechikonzero ichi "kusaenzana" ndechokuti vamiririri private mabhizimisi vane mari yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura chambotaurwa nezvacho nyanzvi.

Vatsvakurudzi zhinji, tichicherechedza kuvapo wokuRussia muvanhu paavhareji mutengi layer tenda kuti nekuda kwayo kushanduka kuva kirasi dzakazara zvinokosha kusika vanoverengeka ezvinhu:

• STRUCTURAL Kushandurwa upfumi;
• paumbwe imwe pfungwa nzvimbo;
• zvachinja zvepfungwa kwenzanga;
• dzokororo zvounhu uye t. d.

Chero zvazvingava, muitiro wezvamatongerwe zvizere kirasi pakati mune Russian muvanhu kunoda zvakakwana kwenguva yakareba.

Criminal kare uye chipo mukirasi pakati kuRussia

Chinyakare weboka kupinda sectors munzanga tichitarisa zvoupfumi nzira sezvo zvisiri kunzwisisa Marxist dzidziso aiva mumwe kururamiswa. Vamiririri shoroma uye super-vapfumi nevanhu muchiRussia munzanga yacho, kune vazhinji. Zvisinei, mubvunzo unomuka sei chepamusoro kana akakurumbira muzvinabhizimisi vanotora fufuro, zvinogona kunzi muchikwata vanobva chinzvimbo kwokuoma evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika kukosha shoko. It chinomisa chaizvo chokwadi kuti havasi vakasununguka. Hazvisi vagari vakawanda kudaro, pamwe nesimba pakuuraya (Simonian, 2009) sezvo yakasungirirwa.

Tsika privatization muRussia aivawo zvayo inokanganisa pamusoro specificity pakati paumbwe pfungwa "pakati munzanga." chikuru mamiriro vanonyengedza pamusoro kuparadzirwa vakawanda upfumi pakati nomumwe dzinomiririra private mabhizimisi chaiitirwa pachinzvimbo vanonzi vanhu upfumi. Izvi zviri chete kunosimbiswa uori ehurumende zvivako. Somugumisiro, muridzi weimwe guru ano mudukusa asangana zvinodiwa chaiwo mumiririri boka, akapa boka pakati. rubatsiro urwu, sezvo SA Dzarasov kunyanya tsotsi, kwete ndaisagona mhando chavanoziva.

Dambudziko riri pakuti muchikwata ichi vanhu anokwanisa kubvuta vamwe vanhu zvakanaka uye kunyange tisina kukwanisa kusika. Kwete kuti kwaiva mhosva unawareness yezviito izvi. Middle kirasi vanhu vari muchikwata ichi kunzwisisa illicitly vawana pfuma uzere ukama nayo - kwete sechinhu zvakakodzera zvakanaka, asi sezvo chinodiwa kugadzirwa uye pachedu neropafadzo.

Nokudaro, ano Russian Nomenclature haagamuchiri chinhu paruzhinji mabasa nokuda kupiwa pfuma. Anoramba, uye pfungwa nevakariri zvakanaka, sezvo kusiyana sei ichibata Western nzanga mukirasi pakati. Naizvozvo, vazhinji wokuRussia vakawanda anoramba kuziva migumisiro privatization ari mangwanani 90-ies. Zvichakadai, kuchengeta inviolability pfuma, zvakakodzera kuva chepamutemo hunhu. Chete pasi ichi chaiyo anova upfumi hwaro munhu dzakazara veruzhinji.

Saka, tsotsi chinhu vanhu kuva kwete chete hunoita kuti paumbwe boka pakati, asiwo kunoita kuti deformation pamusoro pfungwa iyi, iyo hwakavakirwa kirasi evanhu maitiro.