Kuita chinhu makemikari uye kushandiswa kwawo

Pfungwa yacho kuita chinhu makemikari akasimuka panguva yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20. Zvichakadaro, shure muna 1916, yakanga vakawana kuti adsorbed pamusoro kabhoni sucrose zvichachengetwawo CATALYTIC basa. Muna 1953, D. uye N. Shleyt Grubhofer akaita wokutanga nokusungwa pepsin, amylase, kuti carboxypeptidase uye RNase kuti insoluble keriya. Pfungwa yacho kuita chinhu enzayemu rakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo muna 1971. Raiva musangano wokutanga enzayemu Engineering. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. Panguva ino, pfungwa yacho kuita chinhu enzayemu iri rakasiyana mupfungwa pane zvakanga mukupera remakore rechi20. We funga muchikwata ichi zvizere.

tsananguro

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. Uye mmobilizovannye makemikari - yeimwe ayo artificially kwakabatana pamwechete insoluble keriya. Panguva iyoyo vane CATALYTIC ehupfumi dzavo. Pari, izvi zviri munyaya zviviri - mukati kuitwa haasaruri uye azere rusununguko rwokufamba mapuroteni mamorekuru.

chiremera

. Masayendisiti akawana zvimwe zvakanakira kuita chinhu makemikari. Sevapristi heterogeneous catalysts, vanogona nyore kuparadzaniswa kubva zvakaitwa svikiro. может быть многократным. The zvidzidzo vakawana kuti kushandiswa kuita chinhu makemikari anogona kudzokororwa. In muitiro tichisunga yeimwe kushandura ehupfumi dzavo. Ivo vawane substrate specificity, dzigadzikane. Zvisinei, basa ravo rinotanga kuvimba dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. Kuita chinhu makemikari zviri Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye anokudzwa rakatsiga. Zviri kupfuura Somuenzaniso, kuti wakasununguka enzayemu zviuru, makumi ezviuru nguva. izvi zvose rinopa mukuru Kushanda, makwikwi uye profitability ruzivo, umo paine kuita chinhu makemikari.

vatakuri

J .. Porath akaratidza pfungwa ehupfumi ose akanaka zvinhu zvaizoshandiswa kuti immobilization. Vatakuri anofanira:

1. Insolubility.
2. High zvoutachiona uye nemakemikari pakusimba.
3. Kukwanisa nokukurumidza activation. Vatakuri atama nyore kupinda reactive rudzi.
4. hydrophilic Large.
5. The runodiwa permeability. chakarurama Its kunofanira zvakafanana anogamuchirwa makemikari uye coenzymes, maitiro zvinhu uye substrates.

Pari, hapana zvinhu izvozvo kutevedzera zvizere izvi zvinodiwa. Zvisinei, muna tsika, vakashandisa vatakuri kuti vari yakakodzera immobilization kuti makemikari ari mumwe muboka nezvevamwe ezvinhu.

kupatsanura

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Zvichienderana waro zvinhu, vari kutaurirana nako yeimwe vari dzikwanise kuita chinhu makemikari zviri rakakamurwa inorganic uye Organic. Nokusungwa yeimwe zhinji rinoitwa pamwe polymeric vatakuri. Izvi Organic zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa makirasi maviri: dzinongoitika uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa. In nomumwe wavo, akavapindurawo, govera mapoka zvichienderana nemamiriro. Inorganic vatakuri Anonyanyowanika inomiririrwa girazi zvinhu, Ceramics, ivhu, silica, graphite kabhoni dema. Kana tichishanda nezvinhu yakakurumbira yakaoma kemisitiri nzira. Kuita chinhu makemikari zviri kuwanikwa yokunamisa mutakuri firimu pamusoro titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium, hafnium kana processing Organic Polymers. An chinokosha mukana zvinhu ndiyo kudekara patsva.

mapuroteni vatakuri

The inonyanya kufarirwa lipid, polysaccharide uye mapuroteni zvokuvakisa. Pakati zvapedzisira ndiko kupa STRUCTURAL Polymers. Izvi chikuru zvinosanganisira collagen, fibrin, puroteni uye gelatin. mapuroteni akadai zvakapararira munyika zvakatipoteredza. Ivo dziripo uye mari. Mukuwedzera, vane vazhinji dzichipfekeka mapoka nokuda unobatanidza. Mapurotini anosiyana biodegradability. . Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kuwedzera kushandiswa kuita chinhu makemikari mukurapa. Zvichakadai, rine puroteni uye akaipa zvivako. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. Zvazvakashatira kushandisa kuita chinhu makemikari kuti mapuroteni vatakuri yakakwirira immunogenicity kare, uyewo mukana ezvidzidzo zvakaoneka nezvavakaita chete nemamwe mapoka.

Polysaccharides aminosaharidy

zvinhu izvi zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa chitin, dextran, cellulose, agarose uye nomukaka ayo. To polysaccharides vakanga zvakawanda nemishonga zvinoitwa Linear nengetani crosslinked epichlorohydrin muchinjikwa. Pajira riya maumbirwo siyana Ionic mapoka nezvevanakomana zvikuru pachena. Chitin iri aunganidza akawanda kutambisa chigadzirwa mu maindasitiri kubudiswa shrimps uye magakanje. Izvi zvinhu kwakasiyana mishonga nemishonga uye ane yakajeka pore mamiriro.

chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers

boka iri rine siyana zvinhu uye kuwanikwa. Zvinosanganisira Polymers kwakavakirwa acrylic acid, styrene, polyvinyl doro, polyurethane uye polyamide Polymers. Vazhinji vavo vane zvokuimba simba zvakasiyana. Panguva kutendeuka dzinopa mukana kunosiyana pore saizi pamusoro-siyana, pakatanga siyana dzichipfekeka mapoka.

kubatanidzwa Nzira

Pari zvino pane vaviri vangasimudzira akasiyana dzakasiyana immobilization. Chokutanga kugadzirira yeimwe pasina covalent zvisungo pamwe mutakuri. Nzira iyi ndiyo panyama. Chimwe musimboti kunosanganisira panowanikwa covalent nechisungo mashoko. Izvi makemikari nzira.

adsorption

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Naro kuita chinhu makemikari yaunganidzwa chengetedzo zvinodhaka riri mutakuri pamusoro nokuda vakapararira, hydrophobic, electrostatic mukukurukurirana uye rehydrogen zvisungo. Adsorption ndiyo nzira Kuderedza mufambo kuti zvinhu zvokutanga. Zvisinei, pari zvino pfungwa iyi haana kurasa kushanda kwayo. Zvakare, adsorption anoonekwa kuva nzira inonyanya zvinowanzovapo immobilization ari indasitiri.

kunyanya nzira

The mabhuku nesayenzi anorondedzera pamusoro 70 makemikari yaiwana adsorption nzira. Sevatakuri anoitwa advantageously, porous girazi, That siyana, polysaccharides, alumina, chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers, titanium nedzimwe simbi. Panyaya iyi, yokupedzisira anoshandiswa kakawanda. Kubudirira adsorption zvinodhaka riri mutakuri zvinhu iri pakutsvaga porosity uye yakananga penyika.

mashandiro chiito

Adsorption kuti enzayemu kune insoluble zvinhu zviri nyore. It zvinoitwa nevanhu ane aqueous mhinduro yacho mutakuri zvinodhaka. Zvinogona kutora kunofambira mberi kana simba nzira. The enzayemu inotoda hwakakanyiwa yakachena sludge Somuenzaniso, titanium hydroxide. Zvadaro, pasi munyoro ezvinhu, mukomboni paoma. The enzayemu kuita zvabatwa kana immobilization kwakadaro anenge 100%. Kana ichi chinosvika chaiyo Kuwanda 64 MG por giremu kuti keriya.

zvinhu zvisingafadzi

Zvazvakaipira zvinosanganisira yakaderera adsorption simba nokusungwa enzayemu uye mutakuri. In change muitiro maitiro ezvinhu anogona kuva nenzvimbo kurasikirwa nezvinhu, kusvibiswa zvigadzirwa, desorption pamusoro puroteni. Kuwedzera simba nokusungwa zvitsigiso chakagadziridzwa. Zvakananga, zvinhu zvakaipa pamwe ions simbi, Polymers, uye dzimwe hydrophobic yeimwe pamwe polyfunctional nevamiririri. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mushonga pachayo iri pasi nadzurudzo. Asi kazhinji zvakakwana, izvi zvinotungamirira vasanyanye kwayakaita.

Unyorwe gel

nezvechisarudzo ichi iwayo akakurumbira nokuda kwayo yokusiyana uye nyore. Nzira iyi ndiyo yakakodzera kwete chete nokuda mumwe okunze, asiwo multiehnzimnyh zvivako. Unyorwe gel vanogona anoitwa nzira mbiri. Muchiitiko chokutanga, mushonga unobatanidzwa ane aqueous monomer mhinduro, uye ipapo kuita polymerization. Izvi inoguma spatial urongwa gel chine enzayemu mamorekuru ari mumasero. Kana yechipiri, mushonga kutaurwa kupinda rakapera polymer. Zvakanga ipapo kutendeuka kuva gel mamiriro.

Musumo of translucent hurongwa

Musimboti nzira iyi kuri immobilizing penzvimbo aqueous enzayemu mhinduro kubva substrate. It anoshandisa Semi-permeable membrane. Chobudira pasi samolecular uremu zvinoumba cofactors uye substrates uye akabata guru enzayemu mamorekuru.

microencapsulation

Pane nzira dzakawanda kuti sumo iri translucent marongerwo. The kupfuura dzinonakidza idzi mapuroteni microencapsulation uye unyorwe liposomes. Kusarudza yokutanga wakatangwa muna 1964 na T. Chang. It kunoratidzwa kuti enzayemu inotoda akatanga kuva namahwindo Kamudzira ane masvingo wakaitwa semipermeable polymer. The pakuonekwa Kamudzira pamusoro anokonzerwa maitiro yeimwe ose interfacial polycondensation. Mumwe wavo unoparara muna Organic uye imwe - iri aqueous chokutambudzika. Somuenzaniso vanogona kutaurwa paumbwe imwe microcapsule yaunganidzwa polycondensation pamusoro sebacic iine acid halide kuti-imi (makemikari kutotanga) uye 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (azvaitwa, ari aqueous danho). Pakukora ari Kamudzira rinowanikwa mune hundredths ane micrometer. Kukosha capsules - mazana kana makumi ezviuru micrometers.

Inclusion kupinda liposomes

nzira iyi immobilization ndiyo pedyo microencapsulation. Liposomes dzinokurukurwa lamellar kana idenderedzwa lipid bilayers hurongwa. Nzira iyi yakatanga kushandiswa muna 1970 F. For kupatsanurwa kubva liposomes kubva lipid inotoda akaenda evaporating ari makemikari solvent. The yasara dzakaonda firimu akaparadzirwa nenzira aqueous mhinduro, sezvamakaropafadzwa enzayemu aripo. Panguva iyi, vaizviita ungano lipid bilayer zvivako. . Quite dzakakurumbira izvi kuita chinhu makemikari mukurapa. Izvi imhaka yokuti vazhinji mamorekuru iri mupasi riri lipid chizvaro pakati zvoutachiona membranes. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. Paakataura liposomes kuita chinhu makemikari zviri zvinokosha tsvakurudzo mushonga zvinhu, vachibvumira kudzidza uye tsanangura mifananidzo pezvakaitwa upenyu.

The kuumbwa kwokubatana itsva

Immobilization nokuumba covalent maketani itsva uye pakati chizvarwa makemikari runoonekwa vakawanda vakawanda kugadzira biocatalysts kuti maindasitiri kushandiswa. Kusiyana mumuviri nzira, pfungwa iyi inopa kusingarapiki uye hwakasimba pakati Morekuru uye zvinhu. dzidzo yake kunowanzoguma imwe Kudzikamiswa zvinodhaka. Zvisinei, nzvimbo enzayemu pana 1 maminitsi covalent Muitiro unobatanidza hama kuti mutakuri pave mamwe matambudziko ari kuita CATALYTIC muitiro. Morekuru anosiiwa mashoko nokuda muwedzero. Sezvazvakanyorwa kazhinji kuita poly- uye difunctional nevamiririri. Ivo ndivo vari hydrazine, cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl chloride uye zvichingodaro. Somuenzaniso, nokuti vachiwana galactosyltransferase enzayemu kubva vezvenhau uye inotevera kutevedzana akaiswa -CH ₂ -NH- (CH _{2) 5} -CO-. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro aripo ari nemamiriro muwedzero, uye mutakuri Morekuru. Vose vari zvakabatana ne covalent zvisungo. Zvinokosha iri kudiwa wekutaura dzichipfekeka mapoka ari kuita, hakusi zvinokosha kuti CATALYTIC kushanda chinhu. Saka, kazhinji, glycoproteins vari kuda mutakuri mapuroteni haasi pamusoro, uye kubudikidza carbohydrate moiety. Zvinoguma yakatsiga zvikuru uye inoshingaira kuita chinhu makemikari.

masero

Nzira pamusoro apa vanoonekwa kuti nokudenga nokuti mifananidzo ose biocatalysts. Izvi zvinosanganisira, Inter Alia, zvinosanganisira mumasero, subcellular zvivako, immobilization rinova achangobva zvakapararira. Izvi imhaka zvinotevera. Kana immobilization masero haumanikidzwi patsanura uye munatse enzayemu kugadzirira kushandisa cofactors vari kuita. Somugumisiro, zvinovawo zvinobvira kuwana hurongwa kuti aite multi-danho pezvakaitwa kuitika mberi.

Kushandiswa kuita chinhu makemikari

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. In wemhuka, indasitiri nezvimwe maindasitiri chaizvo nevakawanda imba gadziriro yaunganidzwa pamusoro nzira. Kwezvinoshandiswa tsika Nzira vanopa matambudziko ari Implementation of zvakanangwa chokuendesa zvinodhaka mumuviri. Kuita chinhu makemikari vanobvumirwa kuwana-refu kuita zvinodhaka shoma toxicity uye allergenicity. Zvino masayendisiti zvinetso chokuita bioconversion nevazhinji uye simba, vachishandisa microbiological kuswedera. Zvichakadaro, rimwe rakakura basa rokuita zvemichina uye kuita chinhu makemikari. Development tarisiro masayendisiti pahupamhi zvakakwana. Saka, munguva yemberi rimwe kiyi kuedzesera nedanho kudzora kwezvakatipoteredza inofanira kuva mhando itsva ongororo. Kunyanya, mubvunzo bioluminescent, uye enzayemu immunoassay. Zvikuru kukosha ndivo yepamusoro nzira iri kubudiswa lignocellulosic feedstocks. Kuita chinhu makemikari anogona kushandiswa sezvo amplifiers kusimba anonongedzera. Active nzvimbo kungava pasi pokudzora nhau, riri pasi sonication, zvokuimba kushushikana kana vachibatwa phytochemicals transformations.