Convergence - hazvina kuoma

Nokuti vaya vasingazivi chii convergence zvipenyu, zvinofanira kujekeswa kuti pfungwa anouya kwatiri kubva muLatin uye rinoreva "convergence." Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tsanangudzo iyi inoshandiswa kwete zvipenyu, asiwo zvemutauro, foni, uye kunyange musayenzi enyika. Ndokusaka chinofanira akanzwisisa kuti convergence - chiratidzo imwe kufanana zvipenyu zviri dissimilar zvakasikwa, izvo rakamuka akapoteredza shanduka. Somugumisiro iyi, vane imwe nhamba zvakafanana hunhu (semuenzaniso, chitarisiko, mamiriro miviri).

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva kuti nzira convergence yakabuda Somuenzaniso, streamlined rehove, Dolphins achibhururuka membranes marsupials squirrels uye zvinobhururuka squirrels. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro shanduka chimiro mapoka zvipenyu, zviri dzinounzwa convergence uye siyana, uyewo parallelism.

The irreversibility of shanduka kwacho

Mune shanduka neimwe muviri akapfuura vamwe nzendo dziri kukura kwavo, uye izvi zvinoshanda zvachose zvose STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba. Uye kana convergence - ari "kufananidzwa", unofanira kufunga kudzamisa uye dzimwe pfungwa.

1. siyana - avo kusiyana unhu kuripo mukati imwe mhuka. Izvi zvoutachiona muitiro inotisvitsa chidzoke mapoka matsva uye vanhu. The siyana zvikuru raidudzwa, chikuru musiyano inova imwe mhando, zvokuti muviri anotanga kusiyana kwete chitarisiko asiwo womukati mamiriro, zvakatipoteredza uye zvechadenga nzvimbo rwokusarudza chokuvapo. Uye imwe nzvimbo zvinogona chete sarudza vaya vanogona kurarama mu zvakatipoteredza. Nokuti kuti kiyi yokuti shanduka ndiko rwokuzvarwa selection, chete zvinorarama tipukunyuke mhando uye ichipererwa - kufa.

2. Convergence - ndiko, kupfuura zvose, kutanga akatarisana siyana. Panyaya iyi, zvipenyu zviduku zvakasiyana-siyana vanotanga kuwana zvakafanana siyana. Kazhinji ichi imhaka chete dzinogarisana, ayo dzinokosha ezvinhu uye unhu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Chiitiko kuti convergence chinonyanya chakajairika mhuka nyika, apo Somuenzaniso, shiri haagoni kurarama pasina mapapiro, hove vanofanira kuva streamlined chimiro uye zvichingodaro.

3. Parallelism - rinoshandurwa kubva mutauro wechiGiriki, chiitiko ichi chinoreva "rinotevera danho". Izvi chiitiko akapoteredza shanduka mapoka zvakafanana kuti vari majini pedyo, asi vaida kuwana kufanana pakati vamiririri izvi regai pakuti mumwe. Anenge nguva dzose, izvi zvinhu zviri nhaka kubva kumadzitateguru. Sezvo convergence - ndicho zvakafanana zviri zvishoma nezvishoma zvichiitika kubva imwe vajairira, concurrency akatsunga zvakananga nokuda enhoroondo muitiro (zvikurukuru, tiri kutaura pamusoro phylogeny).

Nei kuine convergence chaiyo

Pamunenge muchikurukura dzinokosha pfungwa pezvishuvo shanduka zvave vakati convergence - a kakawanda chakajairika, izvo tinoberekwa huru vamiririri mhuka nyika. Sezvinotarisirwa, kusiyana uku kunoita uye parallelism zvinowanzooneka kuwanikwa zvakasikwa. Asi kudiwa convergence haigoni kurambwa, nokuti zvinokonzera kufanana vakadaro havasi kutsunga nokuvapo ukama uye mumwe akagadzirwa zviratidzo zvakanga muhurukuro shanduka kwacho, mumwe kana mumwe mhando zvipenyu kurarama uye kuva vakasimba.

Saka, chikonzero chikuru chiri convergence pamusoro zvakananga kufanana kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niches ivo vagere avo kana zvimwe vamiririri mhuka nyika. Kana kuona zvikuru nevanhu mienzaniso convergent zvakafanana, tinogona kunzwisisa kuti nei mamwe vamiririri zvipenyu vane chero chaiyo chimiro, chitarisiko, uye vamwe mararamiro zvinhu.