Pfungwa yokuti 'shanduka' zvoruzivo

History, zvipenyu, uzivi uye sayenzi dzimwe nguva dzose pedyo. Hazvishamisi kuti vamwe pfungwa anogona kududzirwa nenzira dzakawanda. Pfungwa yokuti "shanduka" kuchiri kujeka chaizvo tsananguro. Masayendisiti akawanda vari kuedza kuwana sechinhu dudziro iri izwi rakanaka.

The vakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu

Patinonzwa "shanduka", isu pakarepo sokuti Darwin pamwe nedzidziso yake uye mhinduro. Kutaura zvazviri, shoko rokuti kwakabvira kare uye anoongororwa kwemazana emakore anoverengeka pamusara. Its rinowanzoshandiswa nyaya emunhu ari yakamanikana mupfungwa uye kukanganwa zvachose pamusoro dzimwe dzakafara nzvimbo.

Evolution zvakare kakawanda ambotaurwa pamwechete chimurenga uye kudzikisirana. Imwe pfungwa iri chinoshingaira kuenderera kweyokutanga. Chechipiri inoratidza zvinopikisana. Chero nzira, pfungwa "shanduka" ane nevakawanda chinhu, izvo tichaedza vanoiwana.

kuturikira

Sezvataona kare ambotaurwa, izwi anogona kududzirwa nenzira yakamanikana uye rinobatanidza mupfungwa. Kokutanga Rakashandiswsa uye kazhinji kuzivikanwa muzana remakore rechi19. Kana tichida kutaura pamusoro muviri kana kukura munhu, muchiitiko ichi tsanangudzo yokuti shanduka rinoshandiswa sezvo rakatetepa izwi. Kana tichida kutaura vanhu mberi pane izvi, kuti mhindumupindu yakapirikirwa zvakawanda broadly. Zvisinei, kana, izwi iri chokuita kukura kwete chete makemikari nyika, asi inorganic, ipapo zvichava kutsanangurwa kupfuura hombe, muchirevo chechinyorwa kwouzivi.

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kududzirwa kweshoko haachinji kana ticharamba achitetepesa kana kuwedzera izwi. Chero nzira, tsanangudzo pfungwa iri Kushanduka "kukura" shoko. Uye kubva, kunyange zviri kukura wacho, kana nhoroondo yenyika, zvinoreva haachinji. Saka zvinoitika kuti kugutsikana anoramba zvechigarire ose pamusoro apa. Zvazvinosarira chete kuwana vanhuwo zvinhu.

mamiriro ezvinhu aripo

Kana ukakumbirwa: "Ipai tsanangudzo shanduka 'chii vanofanira tsanangurai pakarepo? Chekutanga zvose zvakafanira kutaura pamusoro ezvinhu, pasina iro harigoni kuvapo. Chokutanga variability. Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti kwete kuchinja zvose vari shanduka, asi chero mhindumupindu kunosanganisira kuchinja. Zviri pachena kuti kana pakanga pasina urongwa, ipapo nyika angadai kunyimwa shanduka.

Zvinotevera ezvinhu - the chinosiyanisa zvinhu. Changes havasi akanaka nguva dzose. Asi pano kududzirwa shanduka yakasiyana kuti pakuitika munhu yezwi kupfuura akakwana mamiriro. Kureva chinhu ari kuchinja uye kuva kunzwisisa, zvinokosha uye chinokosha. Uye hazvina basa, Qualitative kana quantitative kuchinja.

Zvinotevera zvimiso kubatana yacho. Muchiitiko chino, Encyclopedic Britannica wegumi anopa muenzaniso nemvura. Kana mvura kuchinja simuka, uye rakakamurwa zvinoriumba, zvinoguma sei mvura pacharo, uye okisijeni uye rehydrogen anogona kuvapo vakazvimiririra. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero chiitiko kwenguva haina kuitika. Panyaya iyi, pfungwa "shanduka" hakusi kukodzera. Inogona kushandawo chete kana itsva vaisagona kutsiva yaimbovapo, kureva kukura kwakaitika.

kupatsanurana

Izwi iri refu achiedza kushandisa kuti siyana achiati zvoupenyu. Uye kana zvine musoro kududzirwa toreva zvipenyu, pano kare vasina chokwadi. Tinogona kusimbisa nyore kukura mumuviri. Asi zviri pamusoro kukura mumudzimu akatanga pakarepo akamutsa mibvunzo. Mental budiriro sokuti pachena, kunyange woutsinye, kunyange Mhedziso kuderera uye kuparadzwa tsika yose epochs.

Kunyange zvakadaro, chikonzero chikuru nokuda izvo pfungwa yemhindumupindu akazviratidza uzivi uye vakabva kunyika mupenyu, kwazova kwokudiwa kuongorora nayo yose. Chokwadi, ipapo aigona kuva nechido chokubvisa zvose zviripo muganhu pakati pavakafa uye mhenyu yacho uye mweya. Zvinoita sokuti vaya vaizomiririra chidzoke upenyu kubva nyaya akafa uye nekwekupedzesera.

Chikonzero chechipiri chokuita pfungwa tsika kurongeka. Pfungwa yemhindumupindu zvoruzivo anoita ichi chinhu evanhu upenyu, kana kunyange munhu chaiyo yose.

zvimwe zvikonzero

The rinokosha muchinangwa uye Space Art kubva geologizmom. Spencer akavatungamirira pasi kukura zano uye pfungwa akaramba masayendisiti mangwanani musi matambudziko makemikari shanduka kune mamwe.

The mutsvakurudzi anoona chaizvo ayo kuberekwazve mune homogeneous heterogeneous, uye chikonzero ichi muitiro ndechokuti chero simba zvinogona kuchinja shoma, uyewo chero chikonzero pave mhosva dzakawanda. Chokwadi, zano kwakadaro nyore embody mumwe ezvinhu kuti kubatana yemhindumupindu.

Ichibata zvoruzivo

Sezvingatarisirwa, kutsigira simba iri izwi kubva yaDarwin uye transformism. Organic nyika basa racho ragadziriswa nyore nemhaka tsananguro kuti chero chimiro inogona kududzirwa Kusiyanisa kana zvimwe zvitarisiko nyore akawanda.

Saka, zvakava pachena kuti dzidziso iyi yakabatana zvakananga chete nhoroondo. Rine zvose zvakafanana kukwana uye kushayiwa. Asi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaita kuti mhedziso kuti dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka rinongoshandisirwa kuzvarwa mananara uye hunhu hwavo nenzira ipi. Saka, anofanira kududzirwa nenzira uzivi uye kuwedzererwa akasiyana nemaonero kwouzivi.

Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira

Pfungwa yemhindumupindu chave kududzira uzivi wake pfungwa maonero. Ichokwadi kugona kubatanidza pamwe dualistic pfungwa, sezvo zvakanga kure subjectivism uye solipsism. Asi dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka rava rakaisvonaka hwaro monistic uzivi. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa kuti pane mhando mbiri monism. Imwe - zvinhu zvakawanda, wechipiri - rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma. Mumiririri wokutanga chimiro rakanga Spencer, wechipiri akaedza kuratidza Hegel. Vose havana yakanaka, asi, zvakadaro, sununguka kutsigira pfungwa shanduka.

nucleation dzidziso

Sezvambotaurwa, patinonzwa shoko "shanduka" pakarepo anouya kunotiyeuchidza Darwin. Saka, pfungwa dzidziso yemhindumupindu vakaberekwa refu asati yaDarwin. pfungwa First vaiva Greece - akataura saizvozvo transformistskie maonero. Anaximander uye Empedocles zvino kuonekwa mapiyona ari dzidziso pachayo. Kunyange yakakwana chikonzero zvakadaro kufarirwa kwete.

KuMiddle Ages zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana hwaro kukura dzidziso. Kufarira kudzidza zvose zvipenyu zvose zvakanga kunyora nezvavo. The yezvouMwari Tsika hurumende havana akanakira kukura shanduka dzidziso. Panguva ino zvose zvavanogona kunzwisisa mubvunzo uyu, Augustine uye Erigena.

Mune Renaissance, chikuru injini raiva Giordano Bruno. Muzivi akatarira nyika uye zvikuru tarenda kutendera, zvisinei ndakafunga mugwara. Akataura kuti kuva nhengo chaiyo ino ine monads kunosiyana kuoma. Zvinosuruvarisa maonero Bruno haana kugamuchirwa nenyika uye hapana zvainoita nzira uzivi.

Kumwe pedyo "akafamba" Bacon uye Descartes. Wokutanga akataura transformism, kushandura mhando Zvirimwa uye mhuka, asi pfungwa dzake dzakanga zvachose kuine evolutionism. Descartes, Spinoza akaramba maonero ake nyika, sezvo fuma.

Development yemhindumupindu ichi anowana pashure Kant. The chaizvo chete Muzivi akataurawo pfungwa yakajeka pamusoro ebudiriro. In basa rake kupfuura kamwe ini ataurwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, asi uzivi vake dzakabatanidza zvakawanda kuti involution. Asi Kant tsitsi epigenezisu.

Asi zvimwe dzidziso ndava chakasiyana zvikuru tsananguro uye azere kururamiswa. Fichte, Schelling uye Hegel akatanga kukudziridza pfungwa Kant. shanduka wavo ainzi dzinongoitika uzivi. Hegel vose vakaedza yoashandisa nyika pakunamata uye nhoroondo.

vanhu

Nokufamba kwenguva nyika aifanira kuziva zvinotaurwa shanduka womunhu. Pfungwa iri ikozvino yakarondedzerwa rokuti "anthropogenesis". Nokuda nedzidziso yake vane pfungwa apo, nei uye kana murume akaonekwa. Huru matatu pfungwa: zvakasikwa uye evolutionism cosmism.

ndiye wokutanga dzidziso kupfuura Refu uye chaiwo. Iye anoti vanhu - basa tiwane zvisikwa (Mwari). Shanduka dzidziso wakatangwa na Darwin, anoti pamusoro chimupanze madzitateguru uye kuti kubva kwavari munhu ano yakabuda mukufamba pakukura. ndiyo yechitatu dzidziso kupfuura hakungagoni uye tarenda anotiudza kuti vanhu vane extraterrestrial dzinza chokuita zvokungokubatai extraterrestrial venyama, kana miedzo extraterrestrial njere.

chokwadi

Kana isu kutaura zvose pamusoro anthropology somunhu sainzi, vaongorori vakawanda kuidya shanduka dzidziso. Iye ndiro chairo, uyezve kwakaitika matongo uye zvipenyu zvakawanikwa. Panguva ino, ino shanduka zvoutachiona anotaurazve wandei zvokukura emunhu :

• Australopithecus.
• Homo habilis.
• Homo erectus.
• Mukuru Homo sapiens.
• Neanderthal.
• Homo sapiens itsva.

Australopithecus iri pari vaiona wekutanga pedyo nzira dzevanhu kuva. Kunyange zvazvo kunze akanga mamwe akafanana Tsoko pane munhu. Home kuti anenge mamiriyoni 4-1 Makore apfuura African nharaunda.

Homo habilis ndiro rokutanga yedu mhando. We zita saka nokuti aigona kubudisa nhumbi wokutanga basa uye kurwa. Zvichida aigona kutaura. Homo erectus inogarwa kwete chete Africa, asiwo Eurasia. Kuwedzera zvombo, kuti moto. Panewo mukana kuti aigona kutaura. Mukuru Homo sapiens chinhu Transitional Danho. Naizvozvo, dzimwe nguva mboshayikwi tsanangudzo nzendo anthropogenesis.

Neanderthal murume dzaimboonekwa zvakananga tateguru vanhu, asi gare gare akasarudza kuti aiva akafa-kuguma bazi yemhindumupindu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvakanga yakati dzakabudirira rudzi yayo tsika, unyanzvi, uye kunyange tsika.

Wokupedzisira Danho - mutsva Homo sapiens. Akauya achibva Cro-Magnon. Vanotarisa zvishoma dzakasiyana murume ano. Tinogona vanosiya nhaka huru: zvinoratidza chokuita tsika upenyu uye vanhu.

vanhu

Zvinonzi pfungwa "munzanga-shanduka 'yaDarwin akazviratidza kwokutanga. It nheyo Spencer. Nepfungwa huru iri kuti vanhu chero kunotanga nzira kubva chinyakare ehurumende uye zvishoma nezvishoma anoenda Western budiriro. Dambudziko pfungwa idzi ndechokuti zvidzidzo vashomanana munzanga uye kukanganisa kukura kwavo.

Zvine musoro uye inowirirana kuedza kuongorora uye kupembedza mumagariro shanduka raiva Parsons. Iye tsvakurudzo pamusoro pamwero kwenhoroondo yenyika dzidziso. Zvino pane akawandisa matongo uye vanodzidza nezvavanhu avo vanozvipira pfuma yavo adzidze dzidziso multilinear shanduka, sociobiology, upgrades uye zvichingodaro. D.

maitiro

Achitaura munzanga, kwete uchashayikwa izvi. Kushanduka pfungwa wegadziriro kwenguva refu nguva akatouya kusvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo. Zvakatora anopfuura hafu remakore, apo vanhu vemarudzi ose Dzidziso rabvumwa masayendisiti. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukuru dambudziko riri kushaikwa zvakajairika yokusvika hurongwa tsvakurudzo zvose nhasi.

Kunyange zvazvo vasayendisiti vakawanda chokwadi kutarisa mubvunzo uyu. Vazhinji vanodavira kuti zvose zvakafanana pane nzanga chaicho ichi "murwi" nharaunda dziripo. Asi pano achiri kunzwisisa yakajairika wegadziriro haana yakatanga imwe. Pano, sezvo dzimwe minda dzakawanda, imwe hafu dudziro ruchigona top ari kwouzivi mumwe chokuita zvinobatsira.

sainzi

Sayenzi hwakagara pasina rimwe terminological pfungwa. Kwenguva refu kukura "sayenzi" rokuti kugona kuwana pachake. Zvichida chitarisiko rinonzi P. P. Gaydenko "Kushanduka pfungwa nesayenzi" hakushamisi. Pepa iyi munyori haangogumiri kukura izwi iri 17-18 remakore, asi vo kunzwisisa nzira dzake uye nzira kururamiswa zivo, uye kufambisa paumbwe pfungwa.

pfungwa

Pfungwa yemhindumupindu rava kuvazivisa kwete chete zvipenyu. The izwi aigona kupararira achiati siyana. It Vakawana kuti mhuka inogona kushandisa kwete chete kune zvipenyu, uzivi kana vanhu, mhindumupindu anogona kududzirwa nenzira yakamanikana mupfungwa, kukura rokuti kana imwe nyaya.

shanduka kazhinji anoyeukwa muna Marxism. Pamwe pokuchinja, ichi izwi rinoshandiswa kutsanangura kumativi akasiyana-siyana uye kubudirira. Izvi, Sezvineiwo, mumwe rokuchinja muuzivi pfungwa. Kushanduka mune zano iri kuchinja ari chisikwa uye kuziva. Zvinogona kuva zvose quantitative uye Qualitative kushanduka. Uye kana kushanduka - zvishoma nezvishoma akachinja, pokuchinja anoonekwa rakapinza, mufundisi, yepamusoro kutendeuka.