Economic kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20: patafura. Socio-zveupfumi uye enyika kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20. Zvinoumba zvoupfumi weRussia panguva kwezana 19-20 emakore

Economic kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20 Akaperekedzwa paumbwe capitalism. Izvi yakaratidzwa nezvokukura Entrepreneurship, kuvandudzika okuwana uye nokuwedzera bhuku mubayiro basa, kwezvinhu upgrading akaitwa. Paiva zvokugadzira zvinhu chimurenga wechipiri, izvo rakaenderana maindasitiri. By bhuku maindasitiri goho munyika wakapinda pamusoro mashanu, pamwe chete Germany, France, Britain neUnited States.

Zvinoumba zvoupfumi weRussia panguva kwezana 19-20 emakore

Panguva iyi, capitalist hurongwa wakapinda idzva, ndiye pechikuva. Takatanga kuumbika zvemari uye maindasitiri nevanhu makuru. Economic kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20, mune pfupi, zvakasimbisa kubatanidzwa nomumwe mari uye mumaindasitiri guta. Industrial uye zvemari mapoka vakatora iyi hukuru chinzvimbo upfumi munyika. Ivo waidzora kutengesa uye kugadzira mishonga, yakatarwa mitengo, kugovera nyika kupinda mabhora ose simba. Zvinodiwa maindasitiri uye mari mapoka vakatanga kuzviisa pasi kwokunze uye dzimwe mitemo zvekare dzakabudirira.

chindingindingi capitalism

Akabata pamusoro socio-zvoupfumi uye enyika kugadzira Russia. Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nyika yakaumbwa yayo unhu chindingindingi capitalism. Izvi zvinokonzera zvimwe zvinhu. Chokutanga, hurumende vakayambuka negadziriro paya pane nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope. Zvinokoshawo ndezvokuti vakanga uye nenzvimbo zviri Russia. The nyika anopindura mundima huru okunze akasiyana kuti sei gogonera kukura kwayo. Panguva iyo socio-zvoupfumi uye enyika kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20 akatora nzvimbo zvishoma nezvishoma. Tirambe Tiine autocracy, landlordism, kubereka kusaruramisira, kudzvinyirirwa mamwe mapoka vemo.

Economic kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20: pfupiso

Capitalist indasitiri uye mari ichaita unobatanidzwa pamwe lagging zvokurima zvekutepfenyura. Mukupera akaramba Semi-feudal nzira management uye muridzi. Capitalist shanduka muruwa havana nguva kuti zvakakwana yakakwirira mwero maindasitiri mberi. Somugumisiro, izvozvo akaona gogonera upfumi kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20. mabhizimisi Large vakanga kusimbiswa kuti nguva munharaunda shanu: asi Trans-Caucasus, South, North-West, Ural uye Central. Mamiriro avo ezvinhu ari Kusiyana kuti undeveloped maindasitiri kuronga guru munharaunda yacho.

simba

Autocracy, inozivikanwa simba bureaucratic marongerwo uye tichishandisa simba bourgeoisie zvakafanorongwa kushingaira mamiriro chipingaidzo mu paumbwe chindingindingi capitalism. Izvi yakaratidzwa patronizing mutemo uye zvemitemo mutemo nedanho pakusikwa nevhu rakawandisa, kutsigira mari neHurumende Bank makuru akaitwa, kuti mugove pakati hurumende zvibvumirano. Vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakanga vari administrative midziyo ine maindasitiri uye zvemari mapoka simba. mabhanga Major zvave achitungamirirwa ekare pamusoro vezvematongerwo. machinda aya kazhinji vaifanira kuitei muchiuto, kutengeserana, mari madhipatimendi. Economic kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20 akatora nzvimbo achitsigirwa zvido Varidzi uye vamiririri chindingindingi bourgeoisie.

The stratification

Yaiva chinokosha upfumi kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20. The stratification akaumba vakawanda mushakabvu nokuchinja nokuda capitalism. yaikosha zvakafanana nyika nzara vanhuwo zvavo, uyewo kutsungirira kuti yemadzitateguru tsika vari kuziva munzanga. Private capitalist mararamiro (nemabhengi mafekitari, uye kulaks tikamira Estates) pamwe madiki (artisanal rwokugadzira) uye Semi-subsistence (murimi mudiki production).

aina guta

Kusiyana dzimwe nyika, Russia aivigirwa kunze nyika duku zvakakwana zvinhu. Izvi zvakakonzerwa kushayikwa pachavo mari dzenyika uye mikana hwakakwana yomunyika misha iri kuchamhembe European chikamu, muna Central Asia, Siberia. kukoshesa izvi kunge chakaita nechido kugamuchira zvakawandisa mari nokuda pamberi hombe zviwanikwa uye kokupata basa. Foreign mubhizimisi kuuya kunyika kuburikidza mumhuri mabhanga. On mundima mamiriro, vakava nhengo yake guru. Mari inenge yashandiswa mune zvoupfumi. In Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20 vakanga vachishingaira mari yacho engineering, mukugadzira, migodhi. chimiro ichi yavaive kunoita Kukurumidza kwemaindasitiri uye kuchinja wehurumende akayambira munhu mbishi zvinhu nemanda masimba Western.

indasitiri

Chakasimudzira yaiva nezvainoita socio-zvoupfumi weRussia. Early remakore rechi20 pakataurwa yose dambudziko. It yakabuda pashure mukuru kubuda 90s ose yapfuura remakore. MuRussia, kuti maindasitiri dambudziko kwaisava chakasimba. The nyika yave akaderedza mutengo zvekudya, rinooneka akaderedza kugadzirwa akatanga vakawanda urovha. State rubatsiro haana yakakwana vagadziri. Somugumisiro, mabhizimisi akawanda vasina maturo uye zvachose. Dambudziko kwakaitwa kwete chete indasitiri, asiwo zvokurima zvekutepfenyura. Kuderera yekudyidzana kuoma mamiriro ezvinhu ari muvanhu, iye kwakamutsa enyika zvakakomba kusagadzikana.

achikura monopolization

Dambudziko unoramba kuumba cartels. Ivo akazviratidza Russia mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Cartel nhengo vakabvumirana firimu scale, zvinhu zviri kutengeswa mishonga uye nzira kuti vakabhadhara vashandi. Pamwe chete nokushamwaridzana ichi vakaramba yakazvimirira avo mabasa. Muna 1901 Bryansk, Putilov uye zvimwe locomotive chirimwa vakanga vakabatana mu "Prodparovoz". Takatanga kutanga zvitsva siyana chindingindingi - syndicates. Shamwari dzakadaro aidzora muitiro yokugamuchira varayirwa, kutenga mbishi zvinhu. Syndicates chikwata mitengo uye vanoita centralized kuparadzirwa zvinhu. Makambani vakanga waibatanidzwa neshamwari izvi, akaramba kuzvimirira mune maindasitiri zvekutepfenyura. Muna 1902 zvakanzi yakaumbwa muna Syndication simbi. Vaiva "Truboprodazha" uye "Prodamet". Kwapera nguva, rakachengetedzwa vakasikwa migodhi indasitiri songaniro ( "Nobel-Fuel", "Produgol").

Nguva kurega kunotanga

MuEurope, kubva 1904 akacherekedza maindasitiri kuwedzera. MuRussia, kugadzirwa 1908 yokutanga kudzikira akatanga. Izvi chirwere kwakakonzerwa zviviri. Chokutanga, sei unopinza kudzikira mune zvemari uye zvoupfumi mamiriro ehurumende nokuda guru upfumi muhondo 1904-1905 Russian-Japanese. Inokanganisa kugadzira zvekutepfenyura uye pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1905-1907. Sezvineiwo akaderedza mari mu maindasitiri, zvokurima dzikaparara.

kupora

Akauya ari 1909-1913 biennium. Industrial kukura pamusana inoponesa iri kutenga simba vagari mushure abolition muna 1906 yokudzikinura kubhadhara, uyewo zvinhu mune zvokurima zvekutepfenyura (1906-1910.). Conversion yekudyidzana akawedzera mashoko capitalist kukura kurima. Zvakawanikwa varayirwa hurumende nemauto nokuda Kushatiswa ezvinhu munyika zvakonzerawo maindasitiri tiguu. Panguva iyi, monopolization muitiro kwakawedzerwa. Takatanga kuumba itsva dzaishandiswa mibatanidzwa ( "Electricity", "waya"), uyewo Makambani nokuchengetesa. Yokupedzisira ichaongororwa soro mhando nevhu rakawandisa. Ivo dzinotungamirirwa mbishi zvinhu dzokubudisa, kugadzirwa uye rokutengesa ose apera zvigadzirwa. Tevera budiriro chokuita kuti paumbwe mapoka zvemari-maindasitiri makuru. Ivo pamwe chete mabhizimisi kubva sectors siyana nemhaka Bank guru. By padanho monopolization weRussia akaramba vachifambirana dzakabudirira muEurope.

kurima

Pasinei nokukurumidza kukura maindasitiri, rokurima nemauto munyika kwainzi dzakanakisisa ravo giravhiti upfumi chaicho. Capitalist ukama mune zvokurima dzakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvakakonzerwa ndichengetedze landlordism, agro-zvekushandisa backwardness, kushayikwa nyika vanhuwo zvavo, munharaunda ukama kumaruwa. Panguva iyo upfumi kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20 Akaperekedzwa urbanization. Takatanga achikura maindasitiri nzvimbo, kuwedzera madhorobha vakawanda, yakatanga nezvifambiso Network. izvi zvose vakabatsira vawedzere kudiwa zvibereko zvokurima nemauto uye kwokunze uye mudzimba pamisika.

Siyana munyika kushandiswa uye uridzi

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kuRussia, vakaumba mashoma. Mugore pachake nyika ichiri hunodzorwa aburuka matunhu (yakakura Estates). Ava, mumisika vakasvika pamusoro hafu chingwa. Estates Most akaita capitalist nokubatanidzwazve. Matunhu zvaishandiswa vashandi, anowedzera padanho agro-unyanzvi kukura. Izvi zvakabatsira kuti kuwedzera marketability uye profitability. Vamwe landlords vakapa mugove risi uye vanogamuchira mubhadharo muchimiro yevasungwa. Nokuti 20% Semi-feudal Estates dzaiva dzokufananidzira nzira. matunhu aya zvishoma yaparadzwa. Pashure kutenga nyika nevhu rakawandisa, nemabhengi zvinoverengeka Bourgeois Dynasties (Morozova, Ryabushinskys etc.), kwakasimbiswa itsva mhando munyika gavhuna. Varidzi venyika idzi vaiva capitalist kwadzinoita upfumi.

uwandu hwevanhu

Maererano padanho urbanization muRussia pakutanga remakore rechi20 raiva nyika yokumaruwa. yevanhu veguta vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 30. (18% of zvachose population). Mumwe pavatatu vagari kusimbiswa guru nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, muSt Petersburg, paiva vanenge mamiriyoni 2 muMoscow - shoma kwete zhinji. Vanhu Vazhinji vagara duku yezvokutengeserana uye Artisan guta. Vagari ava havana ukama kushanda mukugadzira miti. A vazhinji ezvokutengeserana uye mumaindasitiri vakawanda vakaramba vari kumamisha.

zvemari maitiro

It rinotsanangura paruzhinji uye pasiri mhando Bank guru. nzvimbo huru iri inogarwa State Bank. Iye anoita zviviri zvinokosha mabasa: chikwereti uye zvakarurama. State Bank akaramba ari chindingindingi akamupa paruzhinji zvikwereti wezvokutengeserana uye maindasitiri mabhizimisi. Kukura chikwereti ezvinhu vadyi ndiri yezvokutengeserana nemabhangi chikamu nokushingaira. Ivo nekutsvaga pa 47% zvachose zvinhu. Pahwaro mabhanga aya vakaumba oligarchy zvemari, izvo akanyatsotevera yakanga yakabatana kune chikuru kwamachinda uye muboka revatungamiriri.

mhedziso

Tava zvinorondedzerwa pamusoro huru mirayiridzo iyo upfumi kukura Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20. The tafura pazasi chine nokupfupikisa ruzivo pamusoro zvose zvinhu.

Munyika yose yakati kubatana dzinotsanagura kwemaindasitiri uye monopolization. The Hurumende pane zveupfumi mutemo nechinangwa kuwedzera kumhanya maindasitiri pakukura akasiyana protectionist. Hurumende akaita muzviitiko zvakawanda, akatanga kuumbwa capitalist ukama. Panyaya iyi, simba inculcated kare kushandisa dzimwe nzira nyika. By mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, yekudyidzana kuderedza backlog yeRussia kubva vaitungamirira masimba, rusununguko zveupfumi yakanga yakasimba. Hurumende ine mukana kuitisa chinoshingaira wokumwe negwaro.