Emakambani makuru Russia. Industrial emakambani muRussia

Indasitiri kunokosha pakuderedza hupfumi zvakaoma munyika. kutungamirira basa rayo riri pakutsvaga chokwadi chokuti wamupa vose sectors hwenyika , zvinhu zvitsva, nematurusi. Pakati pezvimwe sectors nayo inomira rayono- uye complexing mabasa.

Muchidimbu pamusoro indasitiri kuRussia

Pari, nhamba emakambani mu Russia ndiyo pedyo mucherechedzo 460 zviuru, dzinopa mabasa vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 15, mavhoriyamu mishonga vavo Vakapfuura chiratidzo bhiriyoni 21 rubles. Industry wenyika yedu kunoratidzwa kunzwisisa uye hwakasiyana-siyana-siyana marongerwo inoratidza kuchinja kuvandudzika pakati rwakasvika ehondo, kukura miganhu weboka basa. Hwakabatana zvakananga nesayenzi uye michina mberi.

kupatsanura

Modern emakambani maindasitiri yokuRussia iri dzinoratidzwa hwakanyatsorwisa yakakwirira azvipire specialization. Nokuda nokudzamisa weboka basa yakabuda sectors siyana, Sub-sectors uye mhando kugadzirwa. Pamwe chete, zvinoumba bazi mamiriro. Gumi nomumwe kunzwisisa maindasitiri akadai magetsi, huni, ferrous uye nonferrous simbi, rwekushanda nesimbi uye zvokuimba engineering, petrochemical, zvemakemikari, pulp nebepa, miti, huni kubudiswa, zvokudya kubudiswa, chiedza maindasitiri yahunoratidzwa mune ano ano kupatsanura. kupesana kwakadaro kunotemwa nezviri mune zveupfumi uye evanhu zvinhu, mukuru pakati zviri: zvekushandisa mberi, padanho kukura, munzanga uye nhoroondo ezvinhu, zviwanikwa zvedu, kugadzirwa unyanzvi vemo.

Industry inogona kukamurwa:

• Mining. Izvi zvinosanganisira maindasitiri chokuita kwete migodhi, asiwo vapfume kwavo. Uyezve, chinosanganisira hove pamusoro zvomumvura mhuka, hove uye hove.
• Kugadzira. Izvi zvinosanganisira maindasitiri emakambani muRussia mubasa kubudiswa mugodhi indasitiri zvigadzirwa. Uyezve, chinosanganisira uye kubudiswa masango uye okurima mbishi zvekushandisa. The indasitiri ndiyo hwaro vose inorema indasitiri munyika.

The emakambani pakukura Russia. OAO "Gazprom"

Funga vatungamiri nomwe dziri chepamusoro ari makambani pakukura nyika yedu. In rokunyora Pamazita ichi inorangarira yesangano ravo, nefuma uye purofiti. Zvikurukuru hofori pandandanda inosanganisira makemikari emakambani dzeRussia, kana pane mumwe mapazi kuti akanga akura - mafuta. Asi zvinhu zvokutanga pakutanga.

Saka undisputed mutungamiri - ndiko JSC "Gazprom". kambani gasi ichi Russian rakaumbwa muna 1989. Anoshanda mumunda gasi kugadzirwa uye gasi nokuparadzirwa indasitiri. "Gazprom" kwakaitika namashanu munyika zvayo zvinhu uye kwemari kuri rechi24 chinzvimbo chepamusoro makambani munyika yose. The gasi zvokufambisa hurongwa zvavakanga vachida kuita riri 160 zviuru makiromita uye ndiyo wakarebesa panyika. 51 muzana makambani ehurumende-anazvo. The musika Kukosha "Gazprom" vakapfuura mabhiriyoni 156. US madhora, ayo turnover kuti $ 150 bhiriyoni. Dollars, uye zvinofungidzirwa yesangano dzinopfuura mabhiriyoni 303. Dollars. kambani iyi inopa mabasa vanhu vanopfuura zviuru zana mana.

"Lukoil"

Tichitarisa guru emakambani kweRussia, hazvibviri tisingatauri pamusoro ichi kambani. It rakava wechipiri chepamusoro yedu. It akaronga ichi kambani muna 1991. The chikuru basa JSC ndiye prospecting, kugadzira, achinatsa uye kutengeswa yemafuta negasi. Kusvikira 2007 ndiyo yakanga yakakura kambani iri kugadzirwa mafuta, maererano kwemari zvinotora rechipiri nzvimbo mushure "Gazprom". Pakutanga 2011 matura "Lukoil" pamusoro Mahydrocarbon ndiyo kambani wechitatu pose chepamusoro edzimba makambani, uye matsime eoiri - nyika yokutanga. Saka, ayo musika mutengo kunopfuura $ 55 bhiriyoni; midziyo - mabhiriyoni 90,6 emadhora; turnover - $ 105 billion; nefuma pagore - mabhiriyoni 111,4 emadhora; batsiro - mabhiriyoni 10,4 emadhora. kambani iyi inopa mabasa vanhu vanopfuura zana namakumi mashanu zviuru.

OJSC "Rosneft"

The kambani akapindawo mazita makambani yeRussia, pfuma inogona kukwikwidzana rwehofori pose. JSC akasikwa muna 1993. Its chikuru basa - injere kushandiswa, mafuta uye gasi, uyewo kugadzirwa petroleum nezvinhu petrochemical zvigadzirwa. An dzinonakidza Chokwadi ndechokuti boka muna 2007, rakapfuura "Lukoil" ayo mukwikwidzi tichitarisa oiri kuburikidza kutenga "Yukos 'midziyo. Mari iyi zvebhizimisi ndiyo inenge $ 80 bhiriyoni .; turnover - mabhiriyoni 63 madhora; kwemari - inenge $ 60 mabhiriyoni; midziyo - mabhiriyoni 106 emadhora; Tingawaneiko yakasvika $ 11.3 billion. "Rosneft" kambani inopa mabasa vanenge zviuru 170 vanhu.

OJSC "Sberbank kweRussia"

Sangano iri zvinopupurira kuti huru emakambani ehurumende Russia kushanda kwete chete munzvimbo extractive maindasitiri, panzvimbo chechina mu chepamusoro yedu ndiyo kambani mari. JSC ari zvakasikwa rwezvemabhengi chivako sezvo rinotipa kumbonyanya-siyana mabasa. Saka, maererano nemashoko ose 2009 mugove waro muna Russian dhipoziti musika waiva zvinopfuura 50 muzana uye chikwereti Portfolio mari kupfuura matatu muzana zvikwereti kuti yakapiwa munyika. The musika Kukosha "mari Bank" anenge $ 75 mabhiriyoni; mugove yesangano - mabhiriyoni 282,4 emadhora; batsiro - mabhiriyoni 31.8 emadhora. The kambani inopa mabasa vanhu vanopfuura zviuru 240.

OJSC "TNK-BP Holding"

kambani iyi rakarongwa tichishandisa ichangopfuura - muna 2003. dzakagadzirirwa kwake oiri uye ayo kugadzira. The hwaro hwayo zvisikwa aiva mavambo parity TNK uye British BP. The musika kukosha kunhaka ndiyo mabhiriyoni 51,6 emadhora; zveminda - mabhiriyoni 60,2 emadhora; Tingawaneiko anouya 9 mabhiriyoni $. The kambani inopa mabasa vanopfuura zviuru 50 vanhu.

OJSC "Surgutneftegas"

emakambani Large Russia anobatana mumwe "neftesos," apedza panzvimbo wechitanhatu chepamusoro yedu. OJSC rakaumbwa muna 1990 uye ndiye mumwe kupfuura mafuta uye gasi makambani munyika. The kambani rinonyoreswa zviri Khanty-Mansi zvionera District, muguta Surgut, panzvimbo uye riri kudzimbahwe kwayo. The Zvinofungidzirwa mutengo anenge mabhiriyoni $ 40; midziyo - mabhiriyoni 46,6 emadhora; zveminda - mabhiriyoni 20.3 madhora; batsiro - mabhiriyoni 4,3 emadhora. "Surgutneftegaz" inopa mabasa vanopfuura zviuru 110 vanhu.

JSC "Bank VTB"

Rinopedzisa yedu mazita imwe yunivhesiti zvemari. Kuvamba kwayakaita riri 1990, pamberi kambani rakanzi "Vneshtorgbank". Sangano iri rokutengesa wakagona vakapoteredza kukura guru mvumo kuti "Sberbank kweRussia", uye akatora nzvimbo yakasimba yechipiri tichitaura zvinhu. Musoro yebazi kambani iri kuMoscow, asi mabiko nzvimbo iri guta guru tsika Russia - St. Petersburg. The musika kukosha boka, maererano rokutanga inofungidzirwa kuva mabhiriyoni 26.4 madhora; guta pachake - mabhiriyoni 19.7 madhora; midziyo - mabhiriyoni 139,3 emadhora; zveminda - mabhiriyoni 12,6 emadhora. The kambani inopa mabasa anenge 70,000 vanhu.

Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti kureva akawira chete mafuta uye gasi makambani uye zvemari masangano. Zvisinei, chikuru emakambani kuRussia hakugumiri yemigodhi bhora, kunyange vasina sezvo vazhinji zvinhu uye mari nzvimbo, asi ivo vane chinhu chokuzvirumbidza pamusoro. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vavo kunyange apinda Guinness World Records. Asi zvakawanda pamusoro paikoko.

Russian maindasitiri mabhizimisi. "Izhora Works"

Izvi Enterprise, kunyange havagoni kukwikwidzana vatungamiriri chepamusoro wedu, asi anozivikanwa uye kuremekedzwa rose. chirimwa ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu pakukura munyika, anokwanisa kugadzira chero nhengo. Vamwe dzisiri kuwanikwa kumwe. The kambani zvinoreva rinorema ouinjiniya Sub-sectors. It riri mu Kolpino (St. Petersburg). Mune Nomenclature iri chirimwa zvinosanganisira Vacheri simba, rinopfungaira uye simba midziyo, flats, unoshuva, zvakawanda. Kolpino kambani ndiyo chete kuRussia akaigadzira casings kuti zvenyukireya reactors.

"Uralvagonzavod"

Russian kudzivirira emakambani anosanganisira zvinopfuura 1,200 zvinomera muminda siyana. Vakawanda vavo vari zvakanaka kuvazivisa, uye zvigadzirwa zvavo kazhinji haana analogues munyika. Zvisinei, munyaya ino tikatarisa zvebhizimisi tichitarisa kukura kwavo, panyaya iyi, tinofanira kuisa pfungwa dzedu pane "Uralvagonzavod". Nokuda kwayo ukuru zvakanga zviri Guinness Book of Records uye ndiro rakakura kupfuura mamwe ose kambani munyika, ane nzvimbo 827.000 mativi mamita. Zvinowanikwa iri Sverdlovsk mudunhu, muguta Nizhny Tagil. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye pakutsvakurudza uye kugadzirwa dzesangano iri kuita zvose kukura uye kugadzirwa midziyo idzva muchiuto, mugwagwa rokuvaka michini, njanji ngoro. The boka rinounza pamwechete kugadzirwa makambani, magadzirirwo bureaus nokutsvakurudza Kudya. Hurumende muridzi yose shareholding wekambani.

In mhedziso

Pasinei zvachose vachimuvenga zvokutoda kumuponda yose zvoupfumi, Russia anoramba muindasitiri simba renyika. More ichangopfuura (mu nhoroondo chechinyorwa), nyika yedu yave zvinoshamisa achinja vadzore okukura, uye nhasi hapana aigona kupomera vokuRussia hapana chido kushanda, kuvaka remangwana ravo kare pasi capitalist chaizvo. Rega vangabvunza kuti mugove maindasitiri kugadzirwa mu Russia zvishoma nezvishoma kuderera uye kudiwa zviri chete extractive maindasitiri, kuti zvinenge zvose mbishi zvokuvakisa ekisipoti. Chokwadi, mashoko aya ane zvimwe chokwadi, asi zvinonzi kuti, sezvo iri dzesango, apo zvakasimba ndizvo chete zvinorarama. Mumakore achangopfuura, kuvaka kunzwisisa uye maindasitiri emakambani yeRussia vari kukurumidza kukura kutungamirirwa huru upgrading uye kutendeuka miti kushanda zvinodiwa itsva uye michina. Zvino kusimbisa iri zvemari noitika kugadzirwa pamwe risingamboshandisi nhamba yevashandi. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza yepamusorosoro michina uye kuwedzera mugove kushandisa michina yacho kugadzirwa kwacho.

Izvi Muitiro zvakakonzera ndechokuti nhamba zvinomera yakawedzera yekudyidzana mumakore gumi apfuura. Somugumisiro, mashoko Chinyorwa yakagadzirwa nyore dzidziso iri vakawanda ichi makambani paunogona kuona vangani makambani muRussia, avo kuonana mashoko, zvavari zvibereko uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvimwe mashoko richava kubatsira vose Entrepreneurs uye vanhuwo zvavo. Pfungwa iyi yakazadzika munguva yechinangwa chirongwa "The yose Indasitiri weRussia."