Experimental ndege "Apollo-Soyuz". Aigarira nzvimbo ndege kare

Space ubanguranyika - hope, izvo inoremekedzwa ndangariro vanhu vazhinji kwemazana emakore. Mumazuva iwayo-kure kure kana vanhu vaigona kuona nyeredzi nemapuraneti, kuvimba chete pezvaakaratidzwa, aida kuziva chii vangoramba risina dema rakadzikadzika rima denga panhongonya. Dreams akatanga kuzadziswa ichangopfuura.

Munenge zvose vaitungamirira nzvimbo masimba pakarepo akatanga "zvombo rudzi" pano mumwe mhando: masayendisiti akaedza kuti mberi nevamwe vavo vasati zvavaifunga uye kuedza siyana mano kuti muchadenga kudziongorora. Zvisinei, pakakoromoka achiri: chirongwa "Apollo-Soyuz" kwaiva kuratidza ushamwari pakati USSR uye USA, uyewo chido chavo kuti kushanda pamwe chete kuti pave vanhu nyeredzi.

tsananguro

Rakapfupikiswa zita purogiramu - yacho ASTP. Flying inonziwo iri "kugwinha maoko mu muchadenga". Kazhinji, ari "Apollo-Soyuz" aiva akashinga experimental ndege "Soyuz-19" uye American "Apollo". Nhengo rwendo vaifanira kukurira matambudziko akawanda, akanyanya kukosha yaiva yakasiyana zvachose chakagadzirwa pokusvika zvechitima. Asi pamusoro "wenyaya" zvakanzi yacho!

Chaizvoizvo, zvakajairika vokukurukura pakati masayendisiti Soviet uye American akatanga munguva kushanda yokutanga chakagadzirwa satellites. Agreement pamusoro nevakawanda, rugare ubanguranyika dzokunze nzvimbo yakanga yakasainwa muna 1962. Panguva iyoyowo, vaongorori vaigona kuudza migumisiro zvirongwa uye dzimwe pfungwa dziri nzvimbo indasitiri.

Musangano wokutanga Vatsvakurudzi

Pakazosvika Soviet Union uye United States ndiye akatanga kubatsirana vaiva: President of Academy of Sciences (AN), yakakurumbira MV Keldysh, uyewo mukuru National Aerospace Agency (munyika rinozivikanwa NASA) Dr. Payne.

musangano nenhume kuUnited States uye Soviet Union First kwakaitika mukupera kwematsutso 1970. American basa rinotungamirirwa Director of Center neKomisheni Johnson Space Flight Dr. R. Gilruth. Kurutivi eSoviet akanga sachigaro neKanzuru Wokudzidza International Space Administration (chirongwa "Intercosmos") Academician B. N. Petrov. It yakaumbwa pakarepo vadyi kushanda mapoka, ane basa guru rakanga kukurukura mukana interoperability vekereke Soviet uye American chitundumusere-musere.

Gore rakatevera, atova Houston, kwave vakaronga musangano idzva, izvo akatungamirirwa kare akatizivisa B. N. Petrov uye R. Gilruth. Zvikwata akafukidza Zvinodiwa magadzirirwo zviri aigarira chitundumusere-musere, uyewo zvakakwana chikwata dzakawanda dzine chokuita Standardization upenyu-rutsigiro enyika. Zvino akatanga kukurukura mukana Joint basa pamwe nekutambira pokusvika mauto zvikwata.

Sezvaunogona kuona, chirongwa "Soyuz-Apollo", riri gore yakunda nyika cosmonautics, vakakumbira kudzokorora eumambo uwandu unyanzvi uye enyika mitemo.

Mhedziso pamusoro feasibility rwakashodoka aigarira ndege

Muna 1972, Soviet uye American mativi kamwe zvakare kufanorongwa musangano rakange generalized uye systematized ose basa rinoitwa mumakore munguva. Chisarudzo chokupedzisira pamusoro rinenge ratangwa rinofanira kupera Joint aigarira ndege akanga akanaka kuti chirongwa vasarudzwa kare ngarava yaizivikanwa. Saka akaberekwa chacho "Apollo-Soyuz".

Kutanga chirongwa

Maiva muna May 1972. A chibvumirano wekare akanga yakasainwa pakati nyika yedu uye America, kugovera vadyi rugare ubanguranyika dzokunze nzvimbo. Mukuwedzera, mapato kunge ndafunga pamusoro hwokugadzira parutivi nyaya kutiza "Apollo-Soyuz". nguva ino nhume yaisangana parutivi eSoviet akanga Academician K. D. Bushuev, vekuAmerica yaimirira Dr. G. Lunney.

Pamusangano, ivo kuzvibatanidza zvinangwa, ari kubudirira izvo achaiswa yakatsaurirwa zvose mberi basa:

• kuzvidzora gadziriro kugarisana ndiedze Implementation ose convergence zvikepe muchadenga.
• Vachiongorora mu "munda" zvinhu zviri otomatiki uye Chinyorwa pokusvika.
• Kuvhenekwa Tuning zvigadzirwa, zvakagadzirirwa kuti kuchinja muchadenga kunoongorora kubva ngarava.
• Pakupedzisira, kuunganidza zvikuru ruzivo mumunda pamwe aigarira nzvimbo kutiza. Apo "Soyuz-19" spaceship yacho ne "Apollo", nyanzvi vakagamuchira dzakawanda mashoko anokosha, kushandiswa zvikuru yose US making chirongwa.

Dzimwe nzvimbo basa

Nyanzvi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, aida kuedza mukana dzidziso iri nzvimbo iri kare yacho zvikepe, uyewo kuita kugadzikana kuidzwa pakukurukurirana enyika pamusoro michina yakasiyana. Pakupedzisira, zvinokosha kuita interoperability nekuongororwa pakati Soviet uye American basa masimba enyika.

Heano mazano kuva huru zviitiko panguva:

• Pakapera May 1975 chakaitirwa kwokupedzisira musangano kukurukura dzimwe nyaya musangano. yokupedzisira gwaro kweShanduro akagadzirira kutiza yave vakasaina. Rakanga chasainwa: Academician VA Kotelnikov kudivi Soviet, vokuAmerica vane gwaro kweBhaibheri naJ Lo .. Kanda musi wakaiswa kuti July 15, 1975.
• At maawa chaizvo 15 uye maminitsi 20 kubva kuna Baikonur cosmodrome akanga vakabudirira raparurwa Soviet "Soyuz-19".
• "Apollo" achatanga achibatsirwa mutakuri chitundumuseremusere "Saturn-1b". Time - maawa 22 uye maminitsi 50. The pokutangira - Cape Canaveral.
• Kuburikidza mazuva maviri pashure okuguma zvose regadziriro basa, maawa 19 uye maminitsi 12 "Soyuz-19" yacho. Muna 1975 akarizarurirwa mutsva nguva nzvimbo kudziongorora.
• Chaizvoizvo majana maviri "Union" zviri muchadenga paNyika, kuti pokusvika itsva "Soyuz-Apollo" akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, vachibva nendege chinzvimbo zvimwe vachichinjana maviri. Kwapera nguva, mudziyo akaparadzirwa chose, chakapedzwa purogiramu yokudzidza.

Kazhinji, ndege nguva yakanga sezvinotevera:

• Soviet "Soyuz 19" rakaitirwa muchadenga 5 mazuva, maawa 22 uye maminitsi 31.
• "Apollo" rakaitirwa ndege 9 mazuva 1 awa nemaminitsi 28.
• Ari machira mamiriro zvikepe vakapfuudzira 46 chaizvo maawa uye maminitsi 36.

zvikwata

Uye zvino ndiyo nguva kuyeuka mazita vashandi nhengo ngarava American uye Soviet, izvo akakunda yakawanda nematambudziko, vaigona zvakazara kushandisa zvose zvokukura muchadenga chirongwa ichi chinokosha.

American vashandi vaiva:

• Thomas Stafford. American rakarira wavarwi. An ruzivo asitironati, ndege wechina.
• Vens Brand. Iye piloted murayiro module, ndege yokutanga.
• Donald Slayton. Ndiye aiva muiti mutoro pokusvika oparesheni, waivawo ndege yake yokutanga.

Sechivako vaunoshanda eSoviet zvaisanganisira zvinotevera muchadenga kunoongorora:

• Alexei Mazura aiva mukuru.
• Valery Kubasov akanga onboard injiniya.

Both cosmonauts Soviet vagara vari muchadenga kamwe, zvokuti kutiza "Soyuz-Apollo" wechipiri kwavari.

Chii kuedza rakaitwa mukufamba pamwe kutiza?

• An kuedza chaiitirwa, rinosanganisira kudzidza kuora kwezuva: "Apollo" akapfiga chiedza, panguva "Union" kudzidza uye tsanangura zvinokonzerwa kunobva ichi.
• UV Absorção de Água akanga akadzidza umo ngoro chakayerwa kugutsikana mabhomba okisijeni uye senitrogen ari muchadenga panyika.
• Uyezve, pane zvave kuedza dzinoverengeka umo vaongorori achiongorora sei weightlessness kusavapo remagineti nezvimwe nzvimbo nemamiriro, zvazvinoita aibuda chaivo mutinhimira.
• For microbiologists zvikuru kufarira kudzidza chirongwa kutapurirana uye pave zvigare pasi hauremi ezvinhu pakati motokari mbiri (nomukombiyuta pokusvika yemapurisa).
• Pakupedzisira, kutiza "Soyuz-Apollo" akabvumira kudzidza pezvakaitwa kuitika esimbi uye semiconductor zvokuvakisa mumamiriro ezvinhu mamwe akadai. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti "baba" kuti okudzidza mhando iyi yava kuzivikanwa pakati metallurgists K. P. Gurov, uyo zvinganaka rokubata mabasa aya.

Vamwe rwokugadzira mashoko

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti US chikepe sezvo gasi kufema, yakachena okisijeni, apo mudzimai chikepe chaiva mhepo, ayo akafanana ndiko akafanana neaiva Nyika. Saka, mashoko zvakananga achichinja kubva motokari imwe zvakanga zvisingaiti. Zvakananga kugadzirisa dambudziko iri rinokosha kuchinja mupanda kwakatangwa pavanoparidza American chikepe.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vokuAmerica gare gare yaingoda anodawo ino nguva paaisika yavo water lunar. Kana kuchinja kumanikidzwa mu "Apollo" uchizvikudza zvishoma, uye "pamwe", kusiyana, kunge akatura pakurera yakachena zviri kufema musanganiswa kusvika 40%. Somugumisiro, vanhu vane mukana kuva mune Transitional module (vasati vapinda mutorwa chikepe) kwete masere maawa, uye maminitsi chete 30.

Panzira, kana uri kuda nyaya iyi, shanyira Museum of Cosmonautics muMoscow. Pane dingindira iri yakatsaurirwa chihombe anomira.

General Nhoroondo aigarira Space Flight

Nyaya iyi haisi netsaona mwoyo pamusoro nhoroondo aigarira nzvimbo kutiza. The yose Chirongwa pamusoro apa ingadai zvisingabviri pfungwa, kana kwete kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo-kukura mumunda ichi, zvakaitika yaiva zvaungana kwemakumi emakore. Ndiani "rwakagadzirira nzira", kuonga uyo akaita zvibvire aigarira spaceflight?

Sezvaunoziva, April 12, 1961, nezvechiitiko chakaitika kuti aiva zvechokwadi yose kukosha. Pazuva iroro, akaita Yuri Gagarin aigarira ndege mune "Vostok" ndiyo yokutanga munhoroondo yenyika.

Nyika yechipiri uyo akatakurwa kunze zvakafanana, vaiva United States. spaceship yavo "Mercury-Redstone 3", piloted ne Alan Shepard, kwakatangwa kupinda muchadenga Papera mwedzi, May 5, 1961. Muna February, iye tabva Cape Canaveral kare "Mercury-Atlas 6", vakatakura Dzhon Glenn.

zvinyorwa wokutanga uye kubudirira

Makore maviri pashure Gagarin kutanga vachimbundira muchadenga mukadzi. Yaiva Valentina VLADIMIROVNA Tereshkova. Iye nendege oga ngarava "Vostok-6". The kanda yakaitwa June 16, 1963. In America, mumiririri wenyika naka pabonde, uyo akashanyira ari muchadenga wokutanga, Salli Rayd akava. Aiva nhengo yakavhenganiswa rikarira izvo nendege muna 1983.

Nechekare March 18, 1965 mumwe rekodhi rakatsemuka: mu yakasiyiwa Alexei Mazura. The mukadzi wokutanga, aiva napadare, razova Svetlana Savitskaya, uyo rakatangwa muna 1984. Cherechedza kuti pari vakadzi vanobatanidzwa zvose pasina Kusara ISS zvikwata, sezvo zvose mashoko anodiwa pamusoro physiology munhukadzi muviri dzakatorwa muchadenga uye muchadenga kunoongorora nekuti utano haisi pangozi.

The chakarebesa ndege

Nanhasi, wakarebesa kuroora spaceflight nezvomunda 437-usiku kugara muchadenga cosmonaut Valery Polyakov. Akagara muchikepe "Rugare" kubva January 1994 kusvika March 1995. Rekodhi vakawanda vanochengeta mazuva hwakapedzerwa muchadenga, zvakare, ndowenyika epamba cosmonaut - Sergei Krikalev.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro boka kutiza, vanenge 364 mazuva kubhururuka cosmonauts uye muchadenga kunoongorora kubva September 1989 kusvika August 1999. Sezvo zvave vakaratidza kuti munhu aigona hunonzi kurarama uye nendege Mars. Zvino vaongorori vane hanya dambudziko mupfungwa kugarisana taita.

Information pamusoro nhoroondo university ndege

Pari, nyika chete kuti ane zvimwe kana zvishoma ibudirire uchishandisa zvakaitika reusable university dzinoti "Space Shuttle" ndiye United States. Kutiza chitundumusere-musere dzino, "Columbia" kwakaitika pashure pemakore chaizvo maviri pashure Gagarin kutiza, April 12, 1981. USSR wekutanga chete nguva vatanga "Buran" muna 1988. Kuti vatize rakasiyana nemamwe pakuti kwakaitika imwe zvakazara kwangoitwa rudzi, kunyange zvichiita uye Chinyorwa piloting.

The pashoo, iyo inoratidza nyaya yose "Soviet university", rinoratidza Space Museum muMoscow. We zano iye kunoona sezvo pane dzakawanda dzinonakidza zvinhu!

The soro muchadenga panguva yawo yakakwirira rinosvika kwemutemo 1374 makiromita, rakachengetedzwa yakasvika American vashandi muchikepe "Gemini 11". Zvino shure muna 1966. Uyewo, "shuttles" anowanzoshandiswa yokugadzirisa uye dzigadziridzwe "Hubble" teresikopu, kana yavanobata aigarira kumbonyanya kunzwisisa mishoni pagungano kukwira vanenge 600 makiromita. Kakawanda, kutiza chitundumusere-musere muchadenga riri chinhu kukwira pamusoro 200-300 makiromita.

Cherechedza kuti pakarepo pashure nokushanda "shuttles" ISS muchadenga iri zvishoma nezvishoma vanomutswa kuti kukwirira 400 makiromita. Izvi imhaka yokuti shuttles vaigona kubereka zvinobudirira rinoshamisa panguva imwe kukwira makiromita 300 chete, asi pachiteshi pachayo dzakakwirira havana dzakakodzera chaizvo nokuda mukuru arambe achirema dzakapoterera nzvimbo (ari muchadenga mitemo, chokwadi).

kana Vols kunze mhiri muchadenga paNyika?

Beyond muchadenga kwePasi nendege chete muAmerica kana akaita "Apollo" chirongwa zvinangwa. Chitundumusere-musere muna 1968 orbited mwedzi. Cherechedza kuti kubva July 16, 1969, vanhu vokuAmerica akaita zvavo womudenga chirongwa, panguva iyo yakanga kuitwa "mwedzi kumhara". Mukupera 1972, purogiramu yave phased panze, izvo zvakakonzera kutsamwa American kwete chete, asiwo masayendisiti Soviet uyo ainzwira urombo nevamwe vavo.

Cherechedza kuti mune USSR maiva zvirongwa zvakawanda zvakafanana. Pasinei anenge azere okuguma vazhinji "zvakanaka" izvi nokuda Implementation kwavo havana kugamuchira.

Other "nzvimbo" munyika

China akava wechitatu nzvimbo simba. Zvino October 15, 2003, apo chikepe "Shenzhou-5" akasunungurwa pamusoro penzvimbo nzvimbo. Kazhinji, Chinese nzvimbo chirongwa Mikoko kudzokera 70s remakore rapfuura, asi zvino vose vakaronga Flights asina kuita.

Mukupera 90-ies matanho yavo mirayiridzo iyi kwakaitwa vokuEurope uye Japanese. Asi zvirongwa zvavo kuti vave reusable aigarira chitundumusere-musere dzakamiswa pashure pemakore mashomanana kukura, sezvo Soviet-Russian "Soyuz" yaiva nyore, njodzi uye isingadhuri, zvichiguma upenzi zvoupfumi anoshanda.

Space ushanyi uye "private nzvimbo"

Kubvira muna 1978, ngarava pazviteshi zviri USSR / Russian Federation uye United States iri kubhururuka muchadenga kunoongorora kubva vakawanda munyika. Uyezve, munguva ichangopfuura kuwedzera vanonzi "nzvimbo ushanyi" kana kuipa (kujairika kuti zvemari zvaangaita) munhu anogona kushanyira ISS. Munguva ichangopfuura iyi mavambo pokumuka mapurogiramu rakafanana akatiwo China.

Asi chaiyo kufara akaita chirongwa Suleyman X-Prize, iyo kwakatangwa muna 1996. By ayo mashoko waida kuti private kambani (pasina rutsigiro hurumende) akakwanisa kumutsa (double) kuti nekukwirira 100 makiromita muchikepe ane vashandi vanhu vatatu kusvikira pakupera 2004. Mubayiro waiva zvinopfuura vanoremekedzwa - 10 miriyoni emadhora. Anopfuura maviri gumi nevaviri makambani uye kunyange dzakavanzika vanhu ndangotanga kutanga zvirongwa zvavo.

Saka vakatanga nhoroondo chitsva astronautics, umo "akawana" pakati pezvakasikwa vaigona hunonzi kuva munhu.

Kubudirira kwakaita "privateers" wokutanga

Sezvo mano yakatanga navo havana kuenda here nzvimbo, mari zvaida kakawanda zviduku. Yokutanga private chikepe SpaceShipOne kwakatangwa mukutanga muzhizha 2004. Created kambani Scaled ake chinoumbwa.

Dzidziso musangano "rangano pfungwa"

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mabasa akawanda (zvinenge zvose general) kwakavakirwa kwete zvimwe zviitiko oga "zvinokosha", uye basa V-2 uye Soviet "Buran", zvose zvinyorwa pamusoro iyo pashure 90s " pakarepo "Reururai riwanikwe nevoruzhinji kunze. Vamwe vateveri chakasimba dzidziso vanoti USSR rinoitwa (remuSamoa) yokutanga aigarira kanda kare 1957-1959.

Panewo unconfirmed mishumo kuti vaNazi muhurukuro 40s zvaMambo intercontinental zvombo nokuda American kurwisa. Runyerekupe ane izvozvo kuti zvimwe vezvikepe pamusoro nemiedzo vachiri kukwanisa kusvika kukwirira 100 makiromita, unoita kuti (kana ivo) wokutanga cosmonaut.

"World" nguva

Kusvikira zvino, nhoroondo nzvimbo ubanguranyika muzvitoro ruzivo pamusoro Soviet-Russian "Mir" chiteshi, iro zvechokwadi yaitova chinhu. kuvaka racho zvakakwana akapedza kusvikira 26 April 1996. Ipapo chiteshi akanga akaisa wechishanu, wokupedzisira module iro rinopindura kuitisa zvidzidzo dzakaoma yamakungwa, makungwa uye masango paNyika.

On the "Mir" orbital aiva makore 14.5, riri kanoverengeka kupfuura vakaronga hwose. Munguva yose iyoyo chete michina nesayenzi anopfuura 11 matani wanunurwa kwaari, masayendisiti inoitwa ezviuru nemamwe kuedza, zvimwe izvo zvakafanorongwa kukura nyika nesayenzi ose emakore akazotevera. Mukuwedzera, muchadenga kunoongorora uye muchadenga kunoongorora vakatakudzwa kubva yemapurisa 75 EVAs, yose nguva mazuva 15.

The nhoroondo ISS

Pakuvaka reInternational Space Station kubva munyika 16 muchirongwa. Kudeuka mupiro ayo zvisikwa paakapiwa Russia, Europe (Germany uye France), uyewo Nyanzvi American. Chivako ichi chakagadzirirwa kwemakore 15 mubasa zvingangoita kuvandudzwa.

Wokutanga Basa-refu kuti ISS kwakatangwa mukupera October 2000. bhodhi Nhengo dzayo kare akashanyira 42-refu mishoni. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rechi13 rwendo kuchiteshi yakasvika asitironati Brazilian Marcos Picoreti, kutanga munyika. Iye zvapedza zvose basa akaronga kuti iye, uye ipapo vakadzokera Earth sechikamu nhengo rechi12 basa.

Ndizvo sei nhoroondo yakaitwa spaceflight. Paiva yakawanda zvakawanwa uye kukunda, vamwe vakapiwa hwavo kuti vanhu kuti nokusingaperi asi kugona kudana nzvimbo yeimba yake. Mumwe anogona chete tariro kuti budiriro dzedu acharamba tsvakurudzo yaro munzvimbo ino, uye kamwe isu kumirira Colonisation Mapuraneti pedyo.