General mifananidzo panowanikwa mamiriro, zviratidzo zvayo

Órgãos Process anomiririra mamiriro kuchinja nzanga yevanhu kubva danho chinyakare gadziriro budiriro. Zvakasiyana zvikuru refu refu. Funga zvakare, ndedzipi vanhuwo mifananidzo chinowanikwazve uye kukura ehurumende.

Pamuviri uye kuberekwa hurongwa

Common mifananidzo panowanikwa ehurumende uye kodzero hwokurara dzakaitika kudzidza mumatanho yakaitika vanhu kubva munguva dzekare. Muna Stone Age yakapiwa kuunganidzwa, hove, kuvhima, vadyi uridzi. Inenge 40 zviuru. BC. e. akazviratidza dzinza hurongwa. Vanhu vakadzidza kubereka moto, yakaitwa maturusi, akatanga kuumba matauriro zvakajeka.

For 6-5 zviuru. BC. e. Society rwakamuita kubva kuvhima uye aunganidze zvinokosha mhando rwokugadzira uye chepuraimari kurima. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, takatanga kubuda mitemo mukuru mavambo, kukura uye kushanda nehurumende.

The yakawiriranwa kuyanzva vanhu

With zvose kuchijeka weboka basa pamusoro nguva. Sezvo yoga muchimiro kutandadzana zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kumira panze mombe. Chakaparadzaniswa kurima kutengeserana. Gare gare, vatengesi - vanhu vanoshanda chete kuchinjana. Panguva iyi kukura munzanga vakawedzera kutsamira evanhu kubva mumwe. Ndakatanga kuumba chinyakare munharaunda. It akaita se rudzi akawanda hama vaiva tateguru uye vaitungamirira Joint mhuri.

matriarchy

Between wemhuri hune basa reDare nevakadzi. Akanga avimbiswa muna nokuunganidzwa, mukugadzira nemidziyo zvipfeko, dzidzo yevana. Vakadzi vaiva vemba. Varume vakanga ainyanya kuita kundovhima. Chimwe chikonzero pakagadzwa matriarchy zvaisaita kuziva ubaba vana. Naizvozvo, nhaka vakayambuka rwaamai mutsetse.

The manyowa pamusoro chinyakare mararamiro

Kufunga mitemo mukuru mavambo, kukura wenyika, zvakakodzera kuteerera kuchinja mumagakava maumbirwo vekare vanhu. Munzira dzakawanda, vakaita Zvakazoitwa nzendo inotungamirwa yebudiriro. With veMubatanidzwa zvokurima uye mhuka minda yakawedzera yekudyidzana basa nevanhu. Kubvira vakatanga kuwedzera kwebasa chinyakare vomunharaunda. It Akaperekedzwa:

1. The kwaita yemuraudzo chigadzirwa kuwanda uye Kusiyanisa pfuma stratification.
2. The kwaita kudiwa vakawanda basa nezvipfuwo uye kugadzira minda. Izvi zvakaita neshanduko hondo zvinangwa. Hondo vakatanga dzakarwiwa kwete kudzivirira, asi nokuda kwezvinopambwa. Tichiita vachirwisa pamusoro munharaunda vamwe, vanhu vakatora vasungwa, ipapo akatendeuka vave varanda.
3. Voga netumedu mhuri.

dzora Specificity

Munguva dzekare, simba raiva mukuru musangano nevanhu vakuru. Ivo akagadzirisa matambudziko chirango siyana mhosva vedzinza, utariri, kugadzirwa, nokuparadzirwa. Pamisangano vatungamiriri yemadzinza uye vakuru akazvipiwa administrative neropafadzo. Panyaya iyi, simba vanhu vamire musoro wemhuri, kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo kusarudzwa kuhondo, yakavakirwa simba ravo uye kumuremekedza.

The Council Revakuru akatonga rudzi. Muchiitiko chino, chero kubatsira vasina vatungamiriri. Ivo pamwe chete nemamwe vomunyika kushanda, akagamuchira chete mugove chezvaakapamba. Rights uye nokubatira nhengo genus ndiwo kwete zvakasiyana. Panguva iyi, pamwe, yakawiriranwa rubatsiro, kubatana vedzinza kugadzirisa nyaya dzakasiyana pasina zvakakomba achisangana.

Pokuwa ukama

Zvikonzero uye mitemo mukuru panowanikwa ehurumende nezve nezvishoma ruzivo pamusoro pekukosha utungamiriri hwakanaka uye utungamiri. Zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga vaparadzane mabasa hurumende. Takatanga kuumbika kunzvimbo dzakadai utungamiriri, vatungamiriri vemauto, echitendero. Paiva wedzinza muboka revatungamiriri. Zvakange zvainanga waguta kwete chete vanhuwo mubereko, asi zvavo, boka, boka.

Common zvinokonzera uye mifananidzo panowanikwa mamiriro iyi akadzidza L. Morgan. Akataura kuti dzokumaruwa muboka revatungamiriri nokuda kwounyanzvi kweutongi rechiuto hweruzhinji. The vanhu vakatanga kuumba vatungamiriri hurumende ine simba. Zvisinei, aripo mushandirapamwe zvinhu.

Kudiwa vehurumende

Vanhu pane imwe nguva yasvika kunzwisisa kudiwa paumbwe sangano qualitatively itsva kukwanisa kuchengetedza uye nechokwadi upenyu yose nzanga chete muviri. Saka akatanga kuumba simba paruzhinji. Akanga pamusoro danho, zvinosanganisira rinokosha boka revanhu vaiita vachingoshandisa kuvhiyiwa uye akava nomukana kushandisa vakarongeka kumanikidza. mhando iyi hurumende yakabuda muna North Africa uye South Asia. Pakati pavo, zvikurukuru, vangazivikanwa India, Bhabhironi, China, Dr. Egipita, Asiria, Persia.

Zvikonzero uye mitemo mukuru panowanikwa ehurumende

Kufungisisa mashoko pamusoro, unogona vafunga akawanda. Zvikonzero uye mitemo mukuru panowanikwa ehurumende kwakavakirwa zvinhu zvinotevera:

• Kudiwa kuvandudza utungamiriri. Izvi zvakanga nokuda kuwedzera kunzwisisa upenyu maererano weboka basa, kuwedzera zvoupfumi remabasa, kuchinja kuparadzira tsika, kuwedzera vemo, kupatsanura kuva heterogeneous mapoka.
• Kudikanwa kuramba hurongwa rudzi. Aigovera evanhu pakusimba, izvo zvinoitwa pakatanga fanira mitemo yose.

General mapatani uye predictors ehurumende vari wakabatanawo kudikanwa kudzvinyirira Kusagutsikana ari kubatwa vakawanda, uye panguva imwecheteyo kudzivirira nharaunda yayo. Nemishonga akasimuka maererano mutundu yorudzi kupinda yoga makirasi. Hondo saka vakarongeka kwete chete achizvidavirira asiwo akakunda kundima itsva uye vasungwa.

Common mifananidzo panowanikwa mamiriro, iri pfupi, vakabatana zvikurukuru nokuuya zvinangwa zvitsva muupenyu vanhu. Kusangana zvaidiwa vaifanira kuva paumbwe akavimbika uye vakarongeka kudzora gadziriro.

General mifananidzo panowanikwa mamiriro, zviratidzo zvayo

Somumwe kiyi zviri mangwanani dzidzo yave pamberi namahwindo yawo. Ndivo vakasara yekare wedzinza hurongwa kuti kudziviswa paumbwe statehood. A maitiro chinhu kwakanga kwakapararira seboka uridzi. Private muridzi ukuwo kuvapowo, asi mugove wavo wakange kunyora nezvavo.

Boka vaitirei mamiriro, temberi, zvakafanana uridzi. Nokufamba kwenguva ndavhiyiwa kuchinja zvikuru. Kunyanya, chamber uye pfuma temberi hwakatamisirwa hurumende. Public simba yakava rangana vapristi, vashumiri, vabati zvokunyama tsika. Zvishoma nezvishoma pfuma uye munzanga stratification akasimudzira mainstreaming kusvika pamwero mumapepanhau mapoka. Steel mon vapristi, zvikuru vehondo, vairemekedzwa. Vakasiya kirasi mutongo. Varimi navapfuri vesimbi vaionekwa freemen. Paivawo varanda uye nevamwe nemataundi vanhu. Sezvo chimiro bhodhi akaita anowanzoita despotism. Mukutanga inoti kwakange risingaperi nhaka monarchical simba.

pfungwa

Common mifananidzo panowanikwa ehurumende uye mutemo nemasayendisiti siyana. The Vanyori kuisa mberi siyana dzidziso, vakawanda zvacho ndeizvi pfungwa:

1. Yemadzitateguru.
2. Theological.
3. Contractual.
4. Organic.
5. Pfungwa mhirizhonga.
6. Zvinhu.

The yemadzitateguru Pfungwa

Vateveri dzidziso iyi - Aristotle, St. Michael, St. Basil. In kuumbwa akaisa mberi mazano anotevera:

1. Mitemo mukuru panowanikwa ehurumende chokuita paumbwe pakati yemadzitateguru mhuri, dzavo mubatanidzwa uye pakuonekwa misha, ayo panguva iyoyo pamwe chete.

2. Munhu anoonekwa somunhu mhuka enyika, kupinda ukama nevamwe vanhu kuti vapone.

3. State saizvozvo vakapa somugumisiro ukama hwemhuri. Simba mumongi Saka sevanhu baba simba (tateguru).

yezvouMwari dzidziso

Vateveri varo - Foma Akvinsky, Augustine weHippo. Mukati framework ichi, mitemo mukuru State of panowanikwa chokuita naMwari kwakabva nyika, chinangwa iyo anoshumira Implementation ari pamwe kubatsira. pfungwa iyi anoruramisa vafundisi kutonga rokunyika simba. Mumwe munhu anofanira tizvininipise pamberi paMwari, kuti asimbise mamiriro, kuteerera dzemunharaunda hwatenderwa chechi.

Nokubvumira chikuru nzvimbo nevafundisi yakaitwa pasi pfungwa "minondo miviri." Maererano naye, kereke asina nezvaanogona kugadzirisa matambudziko yepanyika, kugovera zvimwe zvayo masimba kwevatongi, uyo, akavapindurawo, vave varanda vake uye vanatenzi evamwe vanhu. Theological pfungwa inotsigira pfungwa pakusingaperi kusashanduka nevoruzhinji zviremera. Kubva ichi kunouya kutaura kudiwa tiine mune unaltered chimiro zvose paruzhinji-pamutemo masangano kuripo munzanga.

nekambani pfungwa

Dzidziso iyi kwaitsigirwa Spinoza, Grocka, Rousseau, Hobbes, Kant, Radishchev Kozelskiy. Pfungwa rinobatanidza mitemo mukuru panowanikwa hurumende pamwe pakagadzwa uye kuvandudzika pamusoro contractual ukama, nhengo umo kunoonekwa sechinhu chiito ndaisagona kuda. Association vanhu kuva mubatanidzwa chete anoonekwa somunhu dzinongoitika kudiwa kururamisira, kurongeka, rusununguko uye kuchengetedzwa rwevanhu.

Organic pfungwa

It akasimudzira Aristotle uye Plato. Pfungwa iyi inotaura zvakafanana mifananidzo panowanikwa hurumende pamwe kwemasayendisiti kuitika mumuviri womunhu. Muzana remakore rechi19 Spencer akatsanangura pfungwa. Akataura kuti hurumende iri pasocial muviri. Inoitwa nevanhu. Mumwe munhu ari kuzvibatanidza masero omuviri.

State Masangano vari kwaenzaniswa, uyewo, kuti nhengo dzomuviri. Anotonga vanozivikanwa pamwe uropi, mari uye kukurukurirana - kubva kweropa gadziriro, kuti mutemo - pamwe nechepakati tsinga uye zvichingodaro. Kufanana muviri, hurumende iri pasi pokudzora nguva. Rinooneka (akaberekwa) kunowedzera, mazera uye anofa.

Pfungwa mhirizhonga

It akasimudzira Kautsky Gumplowicz Dühring. Pfungwa rinobatanidza mitemo mukuru panowanikwa mamiriro ruvengo, chisimba kuzviisa pasi pakati nevamwe. Vanhu vari kuwana ndima itsva, vaibatwa vasungwa. Ivo kudzora nzvimbo anowedzera, zvinoda kutarisirwa. Kuti dzika basa iri vari kuumbwa kuna hoc miviri, kuramba hurongwa.

pfuma pamuviri

Common mifananidzo panowanikwa ehurumende (the neolithic Revolution) vari kuderedzwa kune zveupfumi zvinoita kuti pave aparadzane kwenzanga kupinda makirasi pamwe anorwisana zvido. Dzidziso iyi yakanga Arayirwa Marx. Naizvozvo, zvakanga yakataurwa Shona, Lenin uye Plekhanov. Sezvikonzero yokuparadzana vanhu nyasha kwaita private pfuma.

Norman dzidziso

Mukati pfungwa iyi, akatsanangura chirongwa kwaita hurumende inonzi Rus. Zvinofanira kunzi ichi dzidziso uye pari nyaya makakatanwa. Maererano pfungwa, kuRussia mamiriro akazviratidza padariro internecine hondo machinda.

Normanists vanodavira kuti vokuRussia vekare vakanga vasingagoni tisingatungamirirwi kuumba chidhiraivho. Ivo dzakarwiwa vagare kuti ndima. Uyezve, paiva kugara nengozi kubva kumarudzi pedyo. Nekuti yomunyika kusabatana rusichi aisagona kubata vacho. Somugumisiro, 862 makadanirwa ushe pakati VaViking, Rurik, sineus uye truvor.

Paumbwe pamutemo hurongwa

General mapatani, zvinokonzera ehurumende uye mutemo akafanana chaizvo. Izvi imhaka ravaigona hunhu uye nhoroondo ukama. Saka, kukurukura kwakabva kurudyi, unogona zvakare kutaura pamusoro yebhaibheri, echisikigo, pfuma, uye dzimwe pfungwa. Zvichakadai, masayendisiti akaratidza zvinoverengeka zvinokosha dzidziso. Pakati pavo:

1. Historical pfungwa. nhengo dzayo kufunga nomutemo ezvinhu kwete nemhaka kushanda ehurumende, uye vari muchimiro chigadzirwa, "marudzi mweya." zvinodiwa Legal vaiva nemhaka kuvandudza tsika uye tsika kuti zvave pamusoro emakore akawanda. Hurumende Mabasa anosanganisira kuongorora uye asunga kupfuura vakarongeka vari muchimiro nokusungwa mitemo yokuzvibata.
2. Conciliation pfungwa. pfungwa iyi inoti pamutemo hurongwa anoita senzira streamlining ukama pakati aikwikwidza songaniro vanhu.

Pane imwe pfungwa - pamutemo. Iye anotaura kuti kodzero amuka pamwe chitarisiko kudiwa kumisa yunifomu muitiro kuti kudyidzana munzanga. Wemutemo yazova ichiita mabasa akawanda chishandiso kusika mitemo.