Genetics i ... Genetics uye utano. Nzira dzeGenetics

Genetics isayenzi inodzidza maitiro ekuparidzirwa kwezviito kubva kuvabereki kuzvizvarwa. Iyi chirango inofungawo nezvemamiriro avo uye kukwanisa kuchinja. Muchiitiko ichi, zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana - mazamu - vanoita sevatakuri vemashoko. Parizvino, sayenzi yakaunganidza ruzivo rwakakwana. Rine zvikamu zvakati, rimwe nerimwe rayo rine mabasa ayo uye zvinhu zvitsvakurudzo. Chinyanya kukosha chezvikamu ndezve: classical, molecular, medical genetics uye genetic engineering.

Classical Genetics

Makirasiki genetics ndeye sayenzi yehutano. Iyi pfuma yezvisikwa zvose zvinoparidza panguva yekubereka kwavo zviratidzo zvekunze nekunze kune vana. Makirasiki genetics anoshandawo nekudzidza kwekusiyana. Iyo inoratidzirwa mukusaziva kwezviratidzo. Iko kuchinja kunowedzera kubva kuchizvarwa kusvika kune chizvarwa. Chero bedzi nekuda kwezvipembenene izvi zvisingagoneki zvinogona kugadzirisa kuchinja mumamiriro avo ezvinhu.

Hereditary ruzivo rwezvisikwa zvinowanikwa mumagenene. Parizvino, inofungidzirwa kubva pakuona kwema molecular genetics. Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa idzi dzakasimuka nguva refu zvisati zvaitika sechikamu chino.

Izwi rokuti "mutation", "DNA", "chromosomes", "kusiyana" kwakazozivikanwa munguva yezvidzidzo zvakawanda. Iye zvino zvigumisiro zvezviitiko zvekare zvekare zvakaratidzika pachena, asi kamwechete zvese zvakatanga nekupfuura kwese. Vanhu vaitsvaga kuwana mhou nemukaka wakawanda wemukaka, nguruve huru nemakwai ane makushe akaoma. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga, kwete kunyange yesayenzi, kuedza. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi ndizvo zvaidiwa izvo zvakatungamirira pakuonekwa kwesayenzi yakadaro seye classical genetics. Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi20, kuyambuka kwaive nzira chete inozivikanwa uye inogoneka yekutsvakurudza. Ndiyo migumisiro ye classical genetics iyo yakava kubudirira kunokosha kwemazuva ano sayenzi.

Molecular Genetics

Ichi chikamu chinotsvaga mitemo yose iri pasi pezviitiko pane ma molecular level. Imba inokosha kupfuura yezvinhu zvose zvipenyu ndeyekuzvarwa kwavo, kureva kuti, vanogona kubva kumarudzi kusvika kune mamwe marudzi kuchengetedza zvinhu zvinokosha zvechimiro chemuviri wavo, uyewo maitiro ekutsinhanisa matanho uye mhinduro kumigumisiro yezvakatipoteredza zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti pama molecular level, zvakakosha zvinhu zvinyorwa uye kuchengeta zvose zvese zvakagamuchirwa, uye zvino zvichitumira kune chizvarwa chinotevera panguva yekugadzirwa kwehutano. Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu izvi uye chidzidzo chavo chakatevera chakazoitika nekuda kwekudzidza kwekugadzirwa kwesero pamakemikari. Saka zvakawanikwa nucleic acids - chikonzero chemajini.

Kuwanikwa kwe "mahara molecules"

Mazuva ano genetics inoziva zvinenge zvose pamusoro pe nucleic acids, asi, chokwadi, yakanga isiri iyo nguva dzose. Kutanga kwokutanga kuti makemikari anogona kunge akabatana nehupenyu, akaiswa mberi muzana remakore rechi19 chete. Kuongorora kwedambudziko iri panguva iyo kwakabatana nemasikirwo emasvomhu F. Misher uye hama dzechiGiriki dzeGertwigi. Muna 1928, musayendisiti wepamba NK Koltsov, achizvivimba nemigumisiro yekutsvakurudza, akaratidza kuti zvose zvinowanikwa nhaka yezvisikwa zvipenyu zvakanyorwa uye zviri mu "guru". Panguva imwecheteyo akataura kuti aya mamolekemu akabatanidzwa nemirairo yakarayirwa, iyo, chaizvoizvo, iine maitiro. Icho chaive chokwadi chaicho. Koltsov akatsigirawo kuti aya "makemikoro" anowanikwa mumasero muzvivako zvakakosha zvinonzi chromosomes. Nokudaro, iyi pfungwa yakagadziriswa uye yakapa simba kumusana kwesainzi muzana remakore rechi20.

Kubudirira kwesayenzi muzana remakore rechi20

Kubudirira kwema genetics uye kuwedzera kutsvakurudza kwakatungamirira kune zvimwe zvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa. Yakawanikwa kuti chromosome imwe neimwe iri muchitokisi inongova neyo imwe huru DNA molecule, ine maketani maviri. Zvikamu zvaro zvakawanda zvipenyu. Basa ravo guru nderokuti ivo vanonyatsorondedzera ruzivo pamusoro pehutano hweproteine-enzymes. Asi kugona kwehupenyu hwehupenyu mune zvimwe zviratidzo kunoitika nekubatanidzwa kweimwe rudzi rwe nucleic acid - RNA. Inoshandiswa pane DNA uye inobvisa makopi kubva kumagenjini. Inoshandurawo ruzivo kune ribosomes, uko kushandiswa kweprotein enzyme kunowanikwa. Chimiro cheDNA chakaregererwa muna 1953, uye RNA - kubva muna 1961 kusvikira muna 1964.

Kubva panguva iyoyo, maseroti genetics akatanga kukura mumakumbo uye kumativi. Izvozvi zvakawanikwa zvikava chikonzero chekutsvakurudza, semugumisiro wekuti maitiro ekuendeswa kwemashoko ane nhaka akazarurwa. Izvi zvinogadziriswa pamakemiketomu mumasero. Uyewo, ruzivo rutsva rukuru pamusoro pekuchengetwa kwemashoko mumagenjini akawanikwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, yakasimbiswa kuti nzira dzeDNA dzekudzoka dzinoitika sei kusati kwanisa kupatsanurwa (kudzokorora), nzira dzehudziro kuverengwa neRNA molecule (kudhindwa), kushandiswa kweprotein-enzymes (kushandura). Uyewo, nheyo dzehupenyu hwakashandurwa dzakawanikwa uye basa razvo mukati mekunze nekunze kwemasero zvakajekeswa.

Kugadzirisa chimiro cheDNA

Nzira dzejentics dzakanyatsogadzirwa. Kubudirira kunonyanya kukosha kwaiva kududzirwa kwechromosomal DNA. Zvakaitika kuti kune mhando mbiri chete dzezvikamu zveketani. Dzinopesana kubva kune imwe nzvimbo panzvimbo yenucleotides. Muchikwata chokutanga, nzvimbo imwe neimwe yakasiyana, iyo iyo, yakasiyana. Yechipiri ine nhamba yakasiyana yekudzokororwa nguva dzose. Vakatumidzwa kudzokorora. Muna 1973, yakasimbiswa kuti nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoparadzaniswa nemamwe majini. Nhengo yacho inopera nekudzokorora. Ichi chinyorwa chinobatanidza mamwe mapuroteni enzymatic, ndeyekuti ivo "vaende" RNA pavanoverenga mashoko kubva kuDNA.

Yokutanga kuwanikwa mumagetsi ekugadzira

Kubva kutsva nzira itsva yemagetsi kwakatungamirira kune zvimwe zvawanikwa. Chinhu chakasiyana-siyana chezvinhu zvose zvipenyu zvakaratidzwa. Izvo pamusoro pekwanisi yekugadzirisa nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa muketani reDNA. Vanogona kusimuka semugumisiro wezvakaipa zvakasiyana-siyana. Iko kukwanisa kuzvigadzirisa kuzvidzora kwainzi "nzira yekugadzira maitiro". Parizvino, masayendisiti akawanda akakwirira anotsanangura chokwadi chechokwadi pamusoro pekugona "kubvuta" mamwe majini kubva kunze. Izvi zvinogona kupa chii? Chokutanga pane zvose, kukwanisa kubvisa zvisikwa zvipenyu. Genetic engineering inobata nezvinetso zvakadaro.

Kudzokorora

Molecular genetics inodzidza nzira dzekutsvaga ruzivo rwekuzvarwa panguva yekuberekwa. Kuchengetedzwa kwekusakatika kwerekodhi yakanyorwa mujeni kunovimbiswa nekuberekwa kwayo kwakarurama panguva yekuparadzanisa kwema cell. Zvose zvinogadziriswa izvi zvinodzidzwa zvakadzama. Izvo zvakaitika kuti nguva isati yasarudzwa kuwirirana muchitokisi, kudzokorora kunoitika. Iyi ndiyo nzira yeDNA inowirirana. Icho chinoperekedzwa nekudzokorora zvakakwana kwema-molecules ekutanga maererano nehutano hwekugadzirisa. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kune mhando ina chete ye nucleotides mumutsara weDNA. Izvi ndizvo guanine, adenine, cytosine uye thymine. Maererano nemutemo wekugadzirisa, wakawanikwa nevasayendisiti F. Krick naD. Watson muna 1953, mune zvakagadziriswa kaviri yeDNA adenine inofanirana ne thymine, uye ne cytidyl nucleotide - guanyl. Penguva yekudzorera, imwe nhete yeDNA inotsanangurwa nenzira yakarurama kuburikidza nekuisa chinonzi nucleotide inoda.

Genetics inyanzvi isayenzi. Nzira yekudzokorora yakadzidzwa chete mumakore makumi mashanu ezana remakore rechi20. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo enzyme DNA polymerase yakawanikwa. Muma1970, mushure memazana emakore ekutsvakurudza, zvakasimbiswa kuti kudzokorora ndeyekuita masiteji akawanda. Mune maitiro eDNA molecules, marudzi akasiyana-siyana eDNA polymerases zvakananga kubatanidzwa.

Genetics uye utano

Zvose zvese zvine chokuita nekodzero yekubudisazve ruzivo rwezvakadzinza nhaka munguva yeDNA kudzokorora nzira inowanzoshandiswa mukurapa kwemazuva ano. Dzidzo dzakanyatsogadziriswa dzinofananidzwa nehupenyu hwehutano hwakanaka uye muhutano hwekuchinja maitiro mukati mavo. Semuenzaniso, yakaratidza uye yakasimbiswa nekuongororwa kuti kurapwa kweimwe zvirwere kunogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekunze kwemaitiro ekudzokorora kwezvinhu zvemajini uye kupatsanurwa kwemasero e-somatic. Kunyanya kana hutano hwekushanda kwemuviri hunobatanidzwa nehutano hwemetabolism. Semuenzaniso, zvirwere zvakadai seti rickets uye kukanganiswa kwephosphorus metabolism zvinokonzerwa zvakananga nekudzvinyirira kudzokorora DNA. Ungashandura sei nyika iyi kubva kunze? Mishonga inokurudzira nzira dzakadzvinyirirwa dzatove dzakagadzirwa uye dzakaedzwa. Dzinoshandisa DNA kudzokorora. Izvi zvinoita kuti kuve nekugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa zvirwere zvehutano zvinosangana nehosha. Asi ruzivo rwemashoko haruripo. Gore roga roga, dhiyabhorosi yakawanda inogamuchirwa, kusabatsira kwete chete kuporesa, asi kudzivirira chirwere chinogona kuitika.

Genetics nemishonga

Molecular genetics inosangana nezvakawanda zvehutano nyaya. Izvo zvipenyu zvevamwe mavirusi nemashiripiti ndezvokuti basa ravo mumuviri womunhu dzimwe nguva rinotungamirira kusakanganiswa kweDNA kudzokorora. Iyo yakave yakasimbiswawo kuti chikonzero cheimwe zvirwere hachisi kudzvinyirira kwegadziriro iyi, asi basa rayo rakawandisa. Chokutanga pane zvose, izvi zvinokonzerwa nehutachiwana uye mabhakitiriya. Zvinokonzerwa nekuti michina yepathogenic inotanga kuwedzera nokukurumidza mumasero akaoma uye maviri. Uyewo pane hutachiona huri zvirwere zvehutachiona.

Parizvino, kune mishonga yemishonga inogona kudzivisa kudzokorora kweDNA muchitokisi. Zhinji dzazvo dzakagadzirwa nevaSoviet masayendisiti. Iyi mishonga inowanzoshandiswa mukurapa. Izvi zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, boka revarwere rinorwisa tuberculosis. Kune mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inodzvinyirira maitiro ekudzokorora uye kupatsanurwa kwemasero echechi uye ma microbial. Vanobatsira muviri kukurumidza kubata nevatorwa, vachidzivirira kuti vasawanda. Mishonga yakadaro inopa maitiro akanaka kwazvo ekurapa kwehutachiona muhutachiona hwakaoma zvikuru. A kunyanya kushandiswa kwemishonga iyi inowanikwa mukurapwa kwemakumbo nemaronda. Iyi ndiyo nzira inotungamira iyo Institute of Genetics yeRussia yakasarudza. Gore roga roga, kune mitsva yakashandurwa inodhaka inopesana nekubudirira kwehutachiona. Izvi zvinopa tariro kumakumi ezviuru evarwere pasi pose.

Kudhindwa uye kushandura nzira

Mushure mekuongororwa kwakaongororwa mabhakirini emageneti uye zvakaguma pamusoro pebasa reDNA nemajeni sematrices ekugadzirwa kwepuroteni zvakawanikwa, kwenguva yakati masayendisiti vaifunga kuti amino acids inounganidza mumakemikoro akawanda zvakanyanya, mukati. Asi mushure mokugamuchira dhepfenyuro idzva yakava pachena kuti izvi hazvisi izvo. Amino acids haisi yakavakirwa pane zviwanikwa zveDNA. Yakawanikwa kuti iyi yakaoma nzira inowedzera mumatanho akawanda. Chokutanga, makopi chaiwo - ruzivo rweRNAs - rwakabviswa kubva kumajeni. Aya mamolekoro anobuda kubva mumusara weesero ndokuenda kune zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana - ribosomes. Icho chiri pane idzi organelles kuti kuungana kweamino acid uye kupindirana kweprotini kunoitika. Nzira yekuwana makopi eDNA yainzi "transcription." Chikamu chepuroteni iri pasi pekutonga kwemashoko RNA - "shanduro". Kuongorora nzira chaiyo yezviitiko izvi uye maitiro ehutano hwavo ndiyo matambudziko makuru emazuva ano mumasikirwo emakemikari.

Kukosha kwenzira dzekushandura nekushandura mumishonga

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, zvakava pachena kuti kunyatsofungisisa kwezvikamu zvose zvekushandura nekushandura kwakakosha zvikuru kune hutano hwemazuva ano. Sangano reGenetics reRussia Academy of Sciences rave rakaratidza chokwadi chokuti nekukura kwechipi nechipi chinorwara, yakasimba yehutachiona uye zvinongokuvadza mapuroteni zvinowanikwa mumuviri womunhu. Izvi zvinogona kuitika pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemajeni asina kushanda muhutano huripo. Chero iyi ndiyo iyo yakatanga kufanirwa, iyo iyo mabhakitiriya emakemikari uye mavairusi anopinda mumasero uye maviri evanhu. Uyewo, kuumbwa kwekukuvadza mapuroteni kunogona kukurudzira kushingaira kuve nekugadzirwa kweeoplasms. Ndokusaka kunyatsodzidza zvikamu zvose zvekushandura nekushandura zvinokosha zvikuru ikozvino. Saka iwe unogona kuziva nzira dzokurwisa kwete chete nehutachiona hunopisa, asiwo nekenza.

Modern genetics ndeyekutsvaga kutsvaga nzira dzekuvandudzwa kwezvirwere nemishonga yekurapa kwavo. Ikozvino zvinobvira kuvhara matanho ekushandura munhengo dzakagadzikana kana muviri wose, zvichidaro zvichidzivisa kupisa. Izvozvi, iri pane izvi uye chiito chemishonga inoratidzirwa inorwisa mabhakitiriya, somuenzaniso, tetracycline kana streptomycin series, inovakwa. Zvose izvi zvinodhaka zvinokanganisa kushandurirwa kwemaitiro mumasero.

Kukosha kwekutsvakurudza maitiro ekugadzirisa mararamiro

Zvakakosha zvikuru kumishonga ndeyekunyatsotsvakurudza kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa mararamiro, izvo zvinokonzera kutengesa nekushandurwa kwematunhu echromosome uye majeni ega. Ichi chinhu chinokosha mukukudziridza zvirwere zvinotapukira. Kugadziriswa kweGenetic kunopfurikidza nekupinda mukati memasero evanhu uye kuiswa muDNA yemumwe mutorwa, kazhinji purogiramu, zvinhu. Somugumisiro, kushandiswa kwemapurotini pa ribosomes hausi "munharaunda" kune mhuka, asi pathogenic yemuviri. Iyi nheyo ndeyokuberekwa mumasero emakoloni ose emirwere. Nzira dzevanhu dzinonzi genetics dzinotarisirwa pakugadzira zvishandiso zvekurwisana nezvirwere zvinotapukira uye kudzivirira kereke yezvirwere zvepathogenic. Mukuwedzera, kuunganidza kwemashoko pamusoro pekugadzirisa kwemajini kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kunzwisisa mutemo wekushandura kwemasvikiro pakati pezvisikwa, izvo zvakaita kuti kuonekwa kwezvirimwa zvakagadziriswa nemhuka.

Kukosha kwema molecular genetics ye biology nemishonga

Kwemazana emakore apfuura, kuwanikwa kwekutanga mukirasi yekare, uye zvakare mu molecular genetics yave ine simba guru, uye kunyange rakakosha pakufambira mberi kwezvinhu zvose zvesayenzi. Kunyanya zvakasimba zvakatungamira mushonga. Kubudirira kwekutsvakurudza kwemashoko kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa zvinenge zvisinganzwisisiki nzira dzekuwana nhaka yezvakaberekwa nemaitiro uye nekuvandudzwa kwemunhu mumwechete unhu hwevanhu. Izvo zvinoshamisa zvakare kuti izvi zvakakurumidza sei nesayenzi kubva padzidziso chaiyo kubudirira. Yakava inonyanya kukosha pakurapa kwemazuva ano. Kunyatsotsvakurudza kwema molecular-genetic maitiro kwakashanda senheyo yeku kunzwisisa zvinenge zvichiitika mumuviri wevarwere vose uye munhu ane utano. Yaiva mazita ezvinyorwa zvakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwemasayenzi akadaro se virology, microbiology, endocrinology, pharmacology uye immunology.