Gertrude Stein: Biography, akatorwa, mabhuku

Gertrude Stein akaburuka munhau ive innovator uye echimurenga mabhuku. mukadzi uyu akaita vakatakura kuburikidza upenyu pfungwa rusununguko kubva societal dzemunharaunda, nokusika dzavo. Vomunguva achitukwa pachena kwaari uye kumutsamwira naye vake vanopandukira hunhu. Asi nhasi, Gertrude Stein ndiye mureza mberi pfungwa uye piyona kuti modernism. Ndianiko iye uye chii basa reDare munhoroondo Uri ano?

Biography

February 3, 1874 musikana akaberekerwa American taundi duku Allegheny. Iye aibva mumhuri yakapfuma yevaJudha uye aiva mwana wechipiri. baba vake vakanga vakabudirira kuita kuvaka uye zvivako zvebhizimisi uye nokukurumidza akava munhu akadzikama guta, iro vana vakanga zvinokwana upenyu.

Musikana anonzi Gertrude. Kubva muduku akaratidza akazvisuma somwana kuziva, mudzidzi akanaka kuchikoro uye pamusoro kurairira kwababa vake Kukoreji, uko akadzidza zvepfungwa uye mishonga. Zvisinei, zvakanga mweni kwaari, uye ukama nababa vake zvakanga kutosvorana. Apedzera ake uduku pakati vaviri nemagariro yemisoro - Paris uye Vienna, Gertrude Stein kamwe akanzwa nehavi runako.

Makakatanwa aneta pachayo norufu vabereki vavo. Gertrude uye Leo wake mukoma yakanga nherera mangwanani. Chokutanga, akasiya upenyu mai vavo nekenza, akafa uye baba vake. Zvino musikana Stein ane nhaka guru uye kugara mari yebhizimisi mhuri vakanga vasara voga.

Leo akatamira Paris, apo iye akatanga kuroja muka- furati mumugwagwa Fleurus, 27. Nokukurumidza pashure pokusiya chikoro, uye vakatamira hanzvadzi yake. Kubvira anotanga dutu zvinoyevedza upenyu Gertrude.

Cubby Staynov nokuti Luxembourg Gardens nokukurumidza akava bohemian kwatingatizira. Leo aiva mutsoropodzi ounyanzvi uye vaite kutenga nekunhonga mifananidzo matarenda asi asati aiziva vemifananidzo kushanda mugwara idzva (Cubism).

Gertrude Stein pakati Parisian vakadzidza vaigona kuzvirumbidza yakakwirira aesthetic kunaka uye flair. Akanga akadzidza, akangwara, uye panguva imwe chete unopinza rurimi, saka kuti zvaaifunga kwete chete kuteerera, asi kutya dzimwe nguva. Iye akafuridzirwa uye akatsigira zhinji zvichiitika vemifananidzo uye vanyori vakaungana vakamukomberedza chaiye okusika denderedzwa. Pasinei pachena basa iri, Gertrude akaripa nguva uye pachake emunyori shasha, kunyange zvazvo asina pakarepo akafarirwa nevanhu vatsoropodzi.

husingaperi mudiwa

On upenyu rusununguko-rudo American pachake ndinoziva chaizvo iye akasarudza sorority. Aiva neshamwari dzakawanda munhurume, asi mwoyo wake vaiva chete Alice Toklas. Vakasangana muna 1907 uye kubvira ipapo hatichamuzivi kuparadzana. Alice akaenda Europe uye Paris akasarudza kusangana compatriot. Musangano akaratidza yenhamo. I makuhwa ukama hwavo vose Paris. Raiva pachena zvinokanganisa vanhu. The peya vakanga vasingasiyani kusvikira afa Gertrude.

Grand-mai modernism

Mumabhuku, Stein anozivikanwa somunhu innovator. Haana kufunga manyorero zvakanaka uye nguva dzose vaedza magwaro, mashoko, zvakawanda aphorisms. Sezvo shamwari yake, yokudhirowa Picasso, Gertrude Stein zvinonyanya hanya chimiro uye kwete kugutsikana. Iye mumwe yokutanga munhoroondo mabhuku vakatanga kushandisa KuMasiye nenyanzvi karwizi kuziva pasina dzomutauro. It ndirwo - kuziva itsva zvokushanda kutaura - gare gare vakaumba munyori chaizvo rinonzi Style mai chikuru nheyo modernism uye.

Pasinei zvinodiwa nguva uye tsika hwakasimbiswa mabhuku, Gertrude Stein aisada kuchinja zvisikwa zvavo, kunyange zvazvo caustic mutsoropodzi uye munyori vakuvara zvikuru. Iye nomwoyo aida kuonekwa muupenyu hwake, asi vakararama vakafunga kuti chinoshamisa.

mabhuku kosha uye prices

basa Stein kwakaita chaiko rinowanzoshandiswa kuzivikanwa chete mufananidzo. Shoko rimwe nerimwe basa rakafanana pendi zodzera, anovata pasi papepa, kanivhasi uye mumwe zvakaenzana. mabhuku chinozikamwa Gertrudy Stayn ( "Ida", "Upenyu Three") akanyorwa zvikuru pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu kunoshamisa Classics (Shakespeare, Flaubert), uye vanonzwa ukama ane vanyori wepanguva (Hemingway, Fitzgerald), uyo akanga shamwari, izvo anotsigirwa. Ichi rakasiyana kwetunhu European uye American chains-garde munuhwi. Kuwedzera kune ano muverengi asvika nhetembo, hurukuro pamusoro mabhuku uye mashoko akakurumbira munyori uye innovator.

tsoropodzo

Mumwe mabasa aro okutanga, akanyorwa muna 1909, aiva yokufungidzira "Three upenyu." Gertrude Stein akati pamusoro zvichaitirwa vakadzi vatatu, vatatu vanotaurwa. The chiito kunoitika America, kuti Bridgepoint. Nhoroondo iri chaizvo akabatwa gare gare vakagamuchira rokuti "yokutindivadza mupfungwa". Vatsoropodzi kushandisa kuwirirana prose pamwe painting, akataura simba rechiFrench painter Cezanne mukusika heroine Anna Good. Achitsetsenura nemarongerwo uye akazaruka seksikäs heroine Melankty vapiwa kodzero hanya ushamwari Stein uye Picasso. Asi simba iri Fauves Matisse Runonzwika zvikuru acutely ari mutambi Silent Lena.

Muna 1937 akauya rimwe bhuku chinokosha. Yaiva pachena nyaya youpenyu hwake, usina pakarepo akasarudza Gertrude Stein. "Autobiography nechimwe" - zita ikapiwa chigadzirwa. On mapeji mubhuku muverengi haangavi chete kuzivana zvinokosha, vanhu, uye zvakaitika zviri yemunyori upenyu, asi yake nokuzviremekedza. Bhuku rinotsanangura nemashoko akadzama Stein rwendo kuenda kuUnited States pashure pemakore 30 'kusavapo, uye kuchinja zvakaitika munyika. Basa izere tamba uye enigmatic aphorisms, waiva saka Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira Gertrude Stein. Quotes pamabasa ake, nenzira - iri yoga kudzidza uye Inovhiringidza kuna vatsoropodzi.

ndangariro

1940 ndipo pakachinja nokuda yose France. The basa kubudikidza vokuGermany, hondo panguva mutezo ari mifananidzo youpenyu Paris. nzvimbo Gertrude yaiva kuoma ndechokuti iye aiva muJudha. Akabvunzwa kuti kusiya kwekanguva, asi kana atova akwegura mudzimai, akasarudza kuvimba mugumo uye kugara munyika imba. Muna 1944, kuti kutyisa mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kuramba, uye munyori zvakachengeteka vadzokera chizvarwa wake Paris. Zvisinei, makore maviri gare gare Gertrude Stein akarova chirwere - kenza. Ini vakaponeswa kubva marwadzo chete morphine. July 27 akatarisana kuvhiyiwa. mwoyo wake vaisagona vamire munyori ...

Mumakore upenyu Gertrude Stein kumbogamuchira pachena pamutemo. Nokuti zvose ake kuita uye kuedza okusika iye akagamuchira kusekwa, kusavimbika uye kusazvitendera. Chete pakati rokupedzisira remakore ari munyori akataura chokwadi. Gertrudy Stayn bhuku rakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda, kusanganisira Russian, uye akabatana chendarama pavane uri nyika. A munyori pacharo semunhu ane chaiwo mabhuku American.

neMuse unyanzvi

Waiva multi-faceted unhu uye panguva imwe chete inoshamisa. Stein kutaura pachena, vakasununguka kubva rusaruro, asi kunzwisisa kutsoropodza vamwe. munhu dzinopikisana munhu akadaro Aisagona rwakaonekwa watenzi unyanzvi. Saka, Paul Chelischev (Russian muvambi usingaonekwi surrealism) akashandisa mufananidzo Gertrude kunyora pamatende "Mananara". No basa zvishoma akakurumbira ndiye "Portrait of Gertrude Stein" - zvisikwa Pablo Pikasso.

Munyori anoratidzwa firimu: iri dzomufirimu "modernists" (1987), muna Woody Allen kuti "Midnight muParis" (2011). mufananidzo Gertrude kuti aripo mumabhuku: Hemingway kuti "A Moveable Mutambo" uye Satterthwaite "anoedzesera". On the enhetembo ndima Stein mumhanzi ne American Vanyori Virgil Thompson wakaradzikwa dzakasiyana makore (1934) uye Dzheymsom Tinni (1970). Nhasi mu New York, Bryant Park, iri shongwe kuti munyori.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

• Mumba Gertrudy Stayn vakaedza kuwana vemifananidzo vakawanda nguva. Vakatendeukira kuna munyori zano pachake, imwe rutsigiro, uyo "hunonzwisisa" kutsoropodzwa. vakakokwa Its yakakurumbira vaiva Ernest Hemingway uye Skott Fitsdzherald, iyo Gertrude tsanangudzo "chizvarwa chakarasika" Stein akapa pacharo - mangwanani akakura vanhu vakanga vasingagoni kuwana nzvimbo yavo muupenyu.
• Mukuru mukoma Gertrude Leo Stayn haana kufarira kusarudza kunogara nehanzvadzi Alice Toklas. Akaratidza ratidziro yake vatarisire imba mumugwagwa Fleurus nokuputsa rwapedyo ukama Gertrude.
• Pasinei chokwadi kuti Gertrude Stein chaiva muduku geniuses ounyanzvi Rinotungamirira nyeredzi uye makazara yokungotaura ruzivo vazhinji, kunyora pachavo tarenda ravo kuongororwa nokuzvininipisa, uye basa zhinji vaishingaira vasingawanzotauri kugamuchira chero mhinduro kubva kuruzhinji. Mwoyo yakanga ine chokuti iye ainakidzwa ruremekedzo nokuyemurwa "vadzidzi" ake vachiri ruzivo. Pashure Vawana kukudzwa, kazhinji vakagura ushamwari uye kunyange isakarurama akataura pamusoro unhu munyori.