Kuti akazogadzira wekutanga: chomwenje kana girazi? History of zvigadzirwa

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo kuti yagadzirwa pamberi - kenduru kana girazi, chokutanga Kutarira nhoroondo mwenje, uye ipapo glazed. Uye enzanisa. Ngatitange kuti svetuka kupinda munhoroondo yokusikwa makenduru.

Dip-kenduru

Vanhu vanoshandisa makenduru sechiedza tsime anenge 5000 apfuura. Nepo kukosha mune hwedu, kuti zvakarurama kupindura mubvunzo kana mwenje yakanga yagadzirwa, hapana anogona. Pane dzidziso kuti yokutanga kenduru yagadzirwa muIjipiti yekare anenge makore 3000 BC. Chokwadi, vanotarira zvakasiyana chaizvo, uye zvakasiyana nhasi. makenduru yaigadzirwa chinoumba nenhokwe veIjipiti, tsanga vakashumira anotsva sechitsa iyo kare rakanga kunyorova nemafuta emhuka. Official panotaurwa chiedza zvinyorwa izvi zvinoreva rechigumi remakore BC. Ipapo vakanga nechitarisiko chibani wakaiswa ari mudziyo akazadzwa zvinobata moto mhinduro. History of Candle Romans vekare yakatanga kuziva chaizvo. Ivo akamonyanisa akabva dzichinyikwa kugadzirisa nenhokwe mafuta. Nokuda kuti chikamu chemhinduro akaramba ari chibani, akaramba unopfuta. makenduru vaidaidzwa kutiva, kuvashandisa nomungoro dzimba uye zvivako zvechitendero, vakanga vatora mumugwagwa. Kwakapararira makenduru vacho kuburikidza cheapness uye Kuwanikwa mafuta, nokuti dzave kushandiswa emakore akawanda.

Vanyori venhau vanoti vamwe dzomunyika akaita makenduru kubva kugadzirwa zvinoreva, kusanganisira tumbuyu kana zvirimwa. China akaita makenduru kubva yakakoswa kuva chubhu guru bepa, akashanda chibani bepa mupunga, wakisi hwakakanyiwa zviyo nezvipembenene. Japanese wakisi Mwenje kugadzirwa kubva walnuts miti.

Taper makenduru

mazuva Mwenje sei? Nhoroondo rakasikwa kwazvinoita kuti XV remakore. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, zvose makenduru dzichinyikwa pamucheto. Mumwe muvambi, uyo akaberekwa muna France, akazogadzira tapered makenduru, wakisi ichi chadururirwa kupinda kare akapedza chakuvhuvhu. Ipapo mafuta mhuka chikatsiviwa wakisi, iye aisvuta zvishoma, refu kupiswa uye yakafunga nani. Zvisinei, mari makenduru ava dzakakwirira zvikuru, nekuti vakanga kushandiswa chete mukereke uye muna mudzimba vakakwirira.

Dzimwe nzira kuita makenduru

Vakadzi American vakaita zvakawanikwa diki asi zvakakosha yaunganidzwa kwenguva refu Kubika zvimwe bheri wakisi kutsva zvakanaka uye zvakanakisa kunhuwidza. Zvisinei, sezvo nzira iyi kenduru kuita rakaoma uye nguva unoparadza, haisi kushandiswa nevakawanda.

Muzana XVIII remakore rakanga kukura whaling indasitiri, nemhaka iyo makenduru kunge akawedzera substrate itsva - spermaceti. Izvi fuma jikichira rwaiwanikwa kubva kumusoro musoro urume whale. New makenduru vaiva mukobvu uye chandagwinyira, izvo akavabvumira kwete itye pakupisa.

Nhoroondo zvigadzirwa kukanganiswa chomwenje bhizimisi

XIX remakore yakanga pakachinja pagadzirwe makenduru. Muna 1820, mumwe kemisiti kubva France Mishel Shevrol dzinounzwa stearic asidhi kubva mafuta emhuka. Zvino stearin makenduru, vakanga zvikukutu, zvakaoma uye yakachena pomoto. makenduru izvi dzakakurumbira kusvikira nhasi Europe.

Chinokosha munhau yavo zita Dzhozefa Morgana. Iye tega zano uhwo zvakaumbwa makenduru inogona kugadzirwa dzose. Nokuda zvinofamba humburumbira Pistone unyanzvi iri pachavo michina yavo acheter kubva mwenje, pashure ivo ndakadaro.

Muna 1850, tingava kure mupetroleum uye hauchazvidzwi nayo. Saka, muna zvaAtemisi makenduru vakatanga kushandisa Paraffin. chigadzirwa ichi nokupiswa cleanly uye zvakanaka, aiva isingadhuri pane dzimwe combustibles, dambudziko yakaderera utsotso pfungwa yakasarudza pashure Paraffin chakawedzerwa mune yakasimba stearin acid.

Muna 1879, Thomas Edison akazogadzira incandescent rambi, uye ipapo makenduru akatanga kushandiswa yakawanda aesthetic zvinangwa.

makenduru ano

Makenduru vakanga hwedu nhasi ave yakarongedzwa Kufananidzira, sezvo chinhu chinokosha kutanga kudanana mhepo kana kufungisisa, kunyange sezvo yakanaka uye akanaka chirangaridzo. Zvinonhuwirira makenduru, mavara, zvikuru nezvidiki, vakakomba uye mativi - izvi zvose riripo nhasi munhu.

Kubvira muna 1990, vanhu vakawanda makenduru riri kukura zvakare, takatanga kutsvaka mhando itsva wakisi kuti makenduru: kubva mafuta emichindwe, soya uye nevamwe.

girazi

Chii girazi, anozivikanwa nevakawanda, hazvina kuoma. Glass - imwe amorphous fuma. Solid kwayo chingawanikwa kutonhora zviri chiwanikwa. A yakawanda zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zviri zvakagadzirwa negirazi, pasina izvozvo, upenyu hwedu aisazoita panokwanisika. Sei vanhu aisiita pasina nezvionioni, mahwindo glazed, akanaka hombodo girazi, kwezvokufuka uye chiedza ndiro? Wakambofunga pamusoro apo kuumba girazi? Nyaya ino achaedza kupindura kwete chete panyaya iyi, tichabata enzanisa uye ongorora chii yagadzirwa pamberi - kenduru kana negirazi.

History regirazi

An dzinonakidza pfungwa akanga aronga muzivi zvikuru rekare rechiGiriki uye wenhau Pliny Mukuru. Akanyora basa rakanzi "Natural History" muzana remakore rokutanga BC. History of girazi anorondedzerwa se yezvechitendero kana ngano yacho vafambisi yekare.

vatengesi Phoenician vakauya kubva Africa kuti anotakura dzinongoitika pasoda achitevedza kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo kweGungwa reMediterranean. Pavaifamba, vakabata hove zhinji, somugumisiro chikepe akavanda pedyo chengarava. Kwakasarudzwa kumirira ekunze pamahombekombe nani. Vafambi abatidza moto, yakasarudza kubika zvokudya. Vakanga vachitsvaka kuti unogona kuisa guru mugate, asi pamahombekombe yakanga isina uye zvakakodzera havana kuwana chinhu. Ipapo vafambisi vechikepe vakauya chikepe chikuru inoperera pasoda, iro Zvakanakisa akaswedera kuti chinangwa ichi. Mangwanani, vafambisi vechikepe dzawanikwa nzvimbo moto makobiri yatakanga zvinhu. Saka, kubva musanganiswa dota jecha pasi kumusoro tembiricha kuumbwa rinoonekera. History of zvigadzirwa kazhinji kujairika uye nyore. The narrator Chokwadi, munhu airemekedzwa chaizvo munhu, shanduro zvichiratidza, asi ichokwadi?

Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, takasarudza kuongorora shanduro Pliny. Zvinosuruvarisa, kuedza rakakundikana. Zvakaitika kuti tembiricha moto hazvikwani kuti itye girazi. Saka kana hutsva girazi? Zviri pachena kuti zvakanga akasikwa yakasiyana ezvinhu uye vamwe vanhu.

Glass Ancient Egypt

The mubvunzo kuti yagadzirwa pamberi kenduru kana girazi, achiri akazaruka, asi masayendisiti anodavira kuti vaviri zvakawanwa izvi ndezvaJehovha vaIjipiti vekare. Chokwadi kuti makuva muEgipita vanafarao wokutanga magirazi zvigadzirwa, ane zera akanga vanofungidzirwa kumativi 9.000 makore zvakawanikwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti magirazi akanga afunga tsaona kana musanganiswa jecha nemadota yakawira yakatsvuka zvehari vasati vachiridzira. Zvichida chigadzirwa raiva nyore uye havana zvinoda vainyatsotarisirwa, uye, uyezve, yakajeka akanyorova ivhu hakusi nyore. Pashure vachiridzira, Yakaumbwa nhete regirazi layer uye kuteerera tenzi yakafanira vaigona kuzviona. chete Aigona kuita zvakarurama mhedziso. Makore 5000 adarika atova Egipita zvakagadzirwa negirazi zvishongo, nezvirongo mavara, uye makore 3000 akapfuura, akatotanga akazviratidza mabhotoro girazi kuchengetera pefiyumu. The girazi wokutanga, akasika munhu, aiva greenish kana rinokwanisa kucheneruka nokuti jecha aiva tsvina.

Venetian girazi

Kana, zvisinei, kuti zvokutaura, hakusi murume akazogadzira girazi, yava akasika chisikigo pachacho, kana akawana kubva dzvuku inopisa dhaka mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Saka, tinogona kupindura mubvunzo kuti yagadzirwa pamberi - girazi kana kenduru. Sezvo girazi akazviratidza oga, mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura, waibatanidzwa upenyu hwomunhu zvikuru yapfuura pane makenduru. Wokutanga girazi, akawana murume akanga asina yakajeka uye kujeka, anenge rutema. Inonzi obsidian. Kwoitawo, murume akadzidza kuti girazi pachayo.

Muzana I remakore BC, vanhu kare vakatanga discolor mbeu girazi achishandisa manganese. Nokuti zvaAtemisi glassware vakashandisa sepombi anokosha umo akanga nomukondombera kure. Flat yakafanana yakagamuchira zvikuru paya. Yokutanga njenjemera sandara magirazi inowanikwa rePompeii panguva Zvakafukunurwa. Muzana XIII remakore vakatosungwa anozivikanwa mu Europe. Kubvira panguva iyoyo muVenice regirazi kugadzirwa kwakapararira. vakauya mimwe matsva vokumabvazuva kubva Constantinople. Zvishoma nezvishoma Venice akadzidza kuti girazi kwakadaro uye kunyange nani pachena yayo nokuda kuwedzera kutungamirira chiwanikwa.

All glassmakers tenzi vakanga chaizvo, havana kunyange kubvumirwa kusiya guta, uye kuti kuedza kutiza vakanga vaityisidzirwa norufu. Zvadaro, kuitira kudzivisa Kuziviswa wezvokutengeserana zvakavanzika, kwakasarudzwa kuti uchatamisa ose zvitoro musi Murano Island, iri pedyo Venice. Glassware kubva Murano zvikuru kwazvo aikoshesa panguva. Zvino ndiro anogona kuonekwa mumamiziyamu siyana. Glassblowers yakabereka usingatsananguriki runako vases, mbiya, decanters nomucheka zvishongo. Mumazuva iwayo, magirazi zvinhu zvaiva nacho chacho.

Kushandiswa girazi

Zvadaro vanhu kutanga amalgam unhani. Saka paiva girazi. Glass kunyange kushandiswa kuvaka kakawanda nokushandiswa kwayo akavaka temberi. Multi-mavara mahwindo yakasvibiswa-magirazi uye ikozvino zvinoshongedza vazhinji vavo. Nokuda kwaniso mamwe girazi kuti refract chiedza mwaranzi, izvo kugadzira ratanga, rwakazokura anobatsira mune zvesayenzi. Biology, mushonga, zvenyeredzi - zvose zvavaida mugirazi uye lenses.

Yakagadzirwa asati - kenduru kana girazi?

Ndizvozvo, zvino pwititika uye asinganzwisisiki nhoroondo chidzoke uye kukura kugadzirwa girazi kujekesa chii chakabatsira kupindura mubvunzo. Hongu, zvirokwazvo, magirazi akazviratidza pamberi makenduru, asi musi chaiwo waakaberekwa zvose zvakawanikwa harizivikanwi kusvikira ikozvino. Nepo chaizvo kubatsira zvinhu zvakadai yakanyorerwa vaIjipiti vekare.