Gothic nhare dzeEurope. Gothic architecture

Gothic yakagadzirwa netsika yakatanga pakati pezana remakore rechi12 muNorthern France. Kuedza kweAbbe Sutheria kwakabatanidzwa kune izvi. Kupisa kwahwo kwakanyanya kupfuvura kwakasvika muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi13, kupararira kunharaunda yeSpain yemazuva ano neCzech Republic, Austria neGermany, uye Britain.

Iwe unogona kusangana neGothic muurongwa hweItaly. Zvisinei, chirevo ichi chakakonzererwa kunyika ino mushure mekupedzisira, sezvo yakave nekuchinja kwakasimba. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi14. Nzira yakagadzirwa nevekune dzimwe nyika yakave yakagamuchira yose yeEurope. Mune dzimwe nyika kumabvazuva kwekondinendi ino, chimiro ichi chakaonekwa zvikuru gare gare ndokupfuura kusvika muzana remakore rechi16. Gothic yakapa nyika kwete maitiro ayo chaiwo. Iyi nzira yakagadzirisa kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwehuwandu hwehuwandu uye sangano rekugara.

Nhanho dzekutsvaga mahedheni

Pano pane imwe nguva nguva yekuvandudzwa kwechimiro ichi chinoshamisa. Saka, Gothic inozivikanwa:

- Kutanga (zana remakore rechi12);
- kubudirira kweshoko (13th century);
- kupisa (14-15 nemazana emakore);
- mhirizhonga.

Zvichizo gare gare, nheyo dzetsika iyi isina kujairika yakatanga kushandiswa mukugadzirisa kwekuvaka kwekuvaka. Kuzvivakwa zvakadaro izwi rokuti "neo-Gothic" rinoshandiswa.

Architectural features

Iti Gothic style inoratidzika nehutano hwekugadzirisa, chimiro chakakomba chebatsiro, ribbed arch, uyewo nheyo yakananga. Izvi zvakagadzirwa zvinokonzerwa nekuvakwa kwezvivakwa nemasvingo makuru (nekuda kwekuvapo kwevasingadi) uye nemasvingo ehutuku hudiki (nekuda kwekudzokorora mitoro pavari nehurumende yehurumende). Architects sezvakawanda zvinogona kuderedza kuwedzerwa kwezvivakwa zvakavakwa. Izvi zvakave zvichigoneka nekuda kwekuiswa kwemafupa. Somugumisiro, masvingo akarega kushanda sematoro-kutakura zvinhu.

Zvinhu zvakasiyana

Mhando dzezvivakwa zvekuvakwa zviripo mune imwe nzvimbo yezvakaitika kare dzinoshanduka dzimwe shanduko munguva. Saka tsika dzeRoma dzakatanga kuchinjwa kuva muGothic.

Ndezvipi zvakakosha? Pane zvinomwe zvakasiyana-siyana zveGothic style:

1. Mifananidzo yakaisvonaka uye yakawanda - bhuruu, tsvuku uye yenyoro.
2. Mitsetse yeLancet ichiita chivako chemasangano maviri.
3. Rectangular form of the building in the plan, passing to the poles arched arches.
4. Bhuku rakagadzirwa pamatsigira. Pane kudaro, dzimwe nguva anosangana nedenga rakavharwa. Imba iri muzvivako zvakadaro yakareba uye yakamanikana. Kana yakareba, ine zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa mukati. Kufuridzira mumakamuri aya ndeyepamusoro.
5. Lancet, wireframe, mashizha akazaruka, dombo, mazamu akakomberedzwa, uyewo skeleton yakanyatsorondedzerwa yerundo rose.
6. Multicolored akaita magirazi mahwindo. Chimiro chavo chinogona kunge chakakomberedzwa kana kuti chengeteredzwa.
7. Mafirimu oak masuo uye ribbed lancet masvingo emasuo.

Chimwe chinhu chechimiro cheuyu unyanzvi ndechokuvapo kwezvifananidzo. Zvisikwa zvenhema uye mifananidzo yakaipa inowanzoshongedzwa masvingo edzimba dzematemberi, temberi uye makedhedrals.

Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemazana emakore ekuEurope dzakavakwa muGothic style. Iyi ichokwadi chaiyo yehutano hwakawanda, hwakadai se:

- architecture;
- kuveza;
- monumental painting;
- magetsi nemhizha.

Makhedheni mumugwagwa weGothic wakamiswa mukati meguta, nzvimbo dzinotenderera dzimba mbiri dzakapoteredza kana nhatu. Iyi nzvimbo inonyanya kufanana neEastern Europe neItaly.

Yokutanga kwekugadzirwa kweGothic

Maererano neprojekti yeAbbot of Sugeria, chechi yaSaint-Denis yakavakwa. Yaiva yekutanga yekuvakwa muGothic style. Apo kereke yakagadziriswa, nhamba yakawanda yepakati zvikamu uye zvitsigiro zvakabviswa. Somugumisiro, chivako chakatora kutarisa kwakanaka, kusingaenzaniswi nenhare dzeRoma.

Yakavakwa nemudzidzisi weumambo uye abbot veMuzinda weSueri, kereke yeGothic yakaunza imwe semantic load. Akapa hukuru kumataresi, iyo yaiva guva rekare re madzimambo eFrance. Maererano nevanhu vepanguva, temberi, yakavakwa naSueriy, yakava chiedza chinopfuurira uye chinoshamisa chakazadza mukati nekunaka. Kutonga mumazuva iwayo, Louis IX akaraira kuti aise zvinyorwa zvitsva zvitsva zvinyorwa zvitanhatu gumi zveFrance. Zvose izvi zvaiva kusimbisa kukudzwa kweumambo.

St. Stephen's Cathedral

Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzevaGothic zviratidzo zvenyika dze nyika inowanikwa mundima yavo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kuKatorike Cathedral yeSt. Stephen, iri muVienna. Anoonekwa sechiratidzo chemarudzi cheAustria.

Ichi chivako chikuru, chakavakirwa pamusoro pemakore mazana maviri, chakavakwa mumoyo weAustria capital. Kufanana neimba dzakawanda dzeGothic dzeMiddle Ages, dzinomira pachitara. Uye kusvikira nhasi mukereke iyi zuva rose rakabata mabasa aMwari.

Kwenguva yokutanga kereke yekatorike inotaurwa mumagwaro akanyorwa kusvika 1137. Muzana remakore rechi12. Kereke yechechi yeSt. Stephen yakanga ine chinyorwa chechiRoma. Zvisinei, muzana remakore rechi14 kusvika ku16. Chivakwa chacho chakanga chavakwazve uye chakave chakakwana. Yatova muzana remakore rechi17. Iko mukati mekereke yekereke yakachinja zvishoma. Icho chaisanganisira manotsi emhando yakakurumbira yeBaroque.

MuKathedral yeSt. Stephen pano mune shongwe mbiri. Mumwe wavo, asina kupera, ndiNorth one. Kureba kwayo ndiko mamiriyoni 68. Shanduro yechipiri iSouth. Iyo inomira mamiriyoni makumi mana pamusoro pevhu uye ine gwenga rekucherechedza nemaonero anoshamisa kwete chete kweVienna, asiwo yezvakakomberedza. PamuNorth Tower ndiyo bhero huru munyika. Kurema kwaro ndiko matani 21, uye hupamhi mamita matatu. Bhero rinongorira chete pamahombekombe makuru, kwete mairi 11 pagore.

Chartres Cathedral

Nzvimbo dzeGothic dzinosiya zvakadzama mumweya wevanhu vose. Iyo yakakwirira uye runako hwemasvingo akawanda uye yakagadziriswa mabheji anotambanudzirwa kumatenga inovashamisa. Mukuwedzera, dzimba muGothic style ndezvenguva refu. Nokudaro, Chartres Cathedral, iri muFrance, ine urefu hwakaenzana nemamita 130. Kubva pane imwe neimwe itsva yakasarudzwa panotarisa imba yakatarisa nenzira itsva. Uye izvi zvose nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwakanakisa kwechivako.

Kusiyana nemachechi eRoma, ane maitiro akajeka uye akajeka akafanoona, kuongorora kweChartres Cathedral inopa pfungwa yekushaiwa kwemasvingo. Galleries, masvingo, shongwe, mahwindo makuru, akawanda mapurisa ane arcades anomirira mutambo usingaperi wekushanda maitiro. Kufanana nemasvingo ose eGothic, Chartres Cathedral inogariswa nehukuru hwezvifananidzo zvakasiyana-siyana. Iko kune zvuru gumi zvezvifananidzo zvetemberi. Aya mafananidzo haasi muzvinyorwa chete uye mifananidzo. Inogona kuonekwa pamagwenga uye padenga, pamasitepisi anotarisa uye pasi, kune zvinyararire uye pasi pemasvingo edzimba. Mune mamwe mazwi, maGothic nhare dzevashanyi vanomirira nyika isina kudzidza uye inoshamisa.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Nzira dzeGothic dzeimba dzekare dzakashandiswawo mune temberi huru, kuvaka kwakatangira muna 1163. Dombo rekutanga mune nheyo dzeName Dame Cathedral rakaiswa naLouis VII naPapa Alexander III. Kuvaka kwakapedza makore anopfuura zana. Panguva imwe chete, yakanga ichifamba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kumabvazuva kwechivako kusvika kumavirazuva. Maererano nehurongwa hwepakutanga, kereke yekereke yaifanira kugadzirisa vanhu vose veParis, iyo yakava kutanga kwekuvaka kwe10 000 vagari. Zvisinei, mushure mekusimudzwa kwechechi, guta rakakura kakawanda, iro risina kubvumira kugona kwechirongwa.

Iko mukati metemberi umambo chaiwo hwematombo matombo mashoma emuti, ayo anowanikwa neArched arches. Iyo mukati ndiyo nzvimbo chaiyo yemitsetse yakananga, yakatungamirirwa kumusoro, kune iyo chaiyo. Makirasi egorosi akaiswa mukati megorozi mafirimu anoparadzira chiedza chezuva chinodurura pamifananidzo yakawanda yevarwi uye mabhishopu, vana nevakadzi, varume nemadzimambo. Hakuchina masvingo mutemberi iyi zvachose. Panzvimbo yavo, chigadziro chakavakwa, chine zvibato zvakabatanidzwa nemasvingo. Dzadza iyi mahwindo epa lancet, ayo akafanana nemifananidzo yakawanda yemifananidzo yakawanda. Chiedza chezuva chinoita kuti mahwendefa akaonesa magirazi aone sezvigadzirwa zvakawanda. Icho chiri chimwe chirevo chekufungidzira mune izvi, chinoita kuti munhu ave munyengeri wechitendero.

Cologne Cathedral

Kuvakwa kwechivako chikuru chechiGothic chivako chakatangwa muna 1248. Kereke yepamusoro inoratidzirwa nemasvingo matsvuku emasvingo ekumadokero nemapuranga akakwirira, uyewo sarudzo yakanakisisa kune zvose zvese zvekugadzirisa uye kusashamisa kwemafuro ekati.

Iyi temberi ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye inonyanya kuzivikanwa pasi rose redu. Tarisa pane chivako chinoshamisa chekuvakwa kweGothic, iyo yakakwirira iri panzvimbo yechitatu pakati pemakereke ose enyika, inotsvakwa nevakashanya vose vanoshanyira Germany.

Palazzo Doge

Iyi kerekari ndiyo muenzaniso wakajeka weVenetian Gothic style, iyo yakanga isingazivi kuti zvinhu zvakagadzirwa sei, asi kugadziriswa kwechimiro ichi chinoshamisa. Chimiro chetemberi hachisi chinoshamisa mukugadzirwa kwayo. Mutsara wemavara machena marwende anotenderera nechepasi peimba yeimba. Iyo chivako chikuru chinoratidzika chinokonzera zvinyorwa izvi muvhu. Pasi rechipiri rinoumbwa neloggia yakazaruka loggia. Iyo inobatanidza ne keeled arches uye yakawanda mihuru yakaonda. Izvi zvakasiyana nerudo uye nyore. Uyezve, gorosi rechitatu rinomuka, rusvingo rwepini rune mawindo asingawaniki. Ichi chikamu chechikwata chinoshongedzwa nekashongedzo ye geometric yemuvara mutsvuku. Imba yose inofadza ziso nechinangwa chekushongedza kwayo. Inobatanidza kubwinya kweByzantium nekunakidza kwenyika.