Highway. mikuru Russia

Highway ... How wakajairika mashoko! Tose kuziva pamusoro chii, asi kazhinji havazivi ndedzipi mikuru, pakukurumidza akavabvumira kufamba sei migwagwa yakawanda vari Russia. Ngatimboonai nhoroondo kwaita migwagwa, avo varipo uye ramangwana.

Nyaya

Yokutanga mukuru-nokukurumidza mugwagwa akazviratidza pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore muItaly. Muna 1924, iye vakabatana nevamwe maguta zviviri makuru - Milan uye Varese. mugwagwa pakureba zvakaita 85? km. Sezvineiwo, kuti kushandisa yakawanda shoko "huru" vakauya vachibva kuItaly. By pakutanga XXI remakore, nyika hwakavaka anopfuura 6,000 makiromita pakati expressways.

Rimwe zita inozivikanwa enzira - "Autobahn" - akaonekwa Germany. Muna 1932, huru kuizwi Cologne uye Bonn, kureba kwakanga 20 chete? Km. Interesting chokwadi: muGermany, kupfuura 3,500 makiromita mukuru-nokukurumidza migwagwa dzakavakwa pamberi 1941. By ikozvino nguva kune vanopfuura 13.000 makiromita kuti mugwagwa.

To musi, mukuru-nokukurumidza mugwagwa - ndicho chinonyanya kushandiswa munyika mugwagwa mhando. Mukusarudza chinzvimbo pakuvaka pamakwara akadaro China. Kureba pakutanga 2015 yairema anenge 112 000? Km.

MuRussia, kuvakwa mukuru-nokukurumidza munzira yakatanga nguva Soviet. Zvinosuruvarisa zvakavakwa kuti nhamba huru hazvibviri. Kumboda makarindira highway Russia - zvakaparadzana zvikamu Migwagwa.

kuyerera mamiriro

Iyo nzira iri kutorwa reRussia nokukurumidza? Highway - road vamwe motokari chiratidzo, ndine Lanes akawanda vaviri mirayiridzo, akaparadzaniswa navo chaiye kudzivirira kana vachigoverana zviuno. mugwagwa uyu haana panosangana pamwe nevamwe panguva iyoyo pamwero (chero mharadzano zvinogoneka chete pamusoro zambuko kana nzira).

On huru nayo wairambidza kufamba netsoka, mhuka, mhando dzose motokari, kukurumidza isingadariki 40 km / h. Izvi zvinosanganisira mabhasikoro, mopeds, nematarakita anofamba uye mumwe kuzvidzora kwemotokari. Chinhu zvisingagamuchiriki kuna mabhazi uye kuti mutakurwi motokari uye marori havabvumirwi kurega munzvimbo haana akasarudzwa kuti kupaka.

It hakubvumidzwi kuita U-dzokai uye kupinda pakakoromorwa kupatsanura ubvise nezvisingabvumwi Thando uye uchityaira kurovedza. Saka, vachisiya huru, chenjerera kuti kutyora mitemo.

RF mugwagwa

Mugwagwa mukuru mu Russia kutanga muMoscow. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vakawanda Migwagwa akavakwa munguva yeRussian Empire uye vagotendeuka kuti zvinodiwa ano. The arambe achirema samambure yaro European chikamu munyika soro. Migwagwa Main tichiratidza kubva Moscow. The mberi kuchamhembe ukaenda kune dzisina kunyatsobudirira richikurukura migwagwa. Muna Far Eastern uye Siberian Federal maruwa, migwagwa yakawanda havasi chokuita zvikuru motorways. With maguta nomumwe shoko zvinogoneka chete muzhizha, uye ipapo chete mhepo.

Migwagwa Russian vane Kureba mamiriyoni 1,396 km uye kuva zvakaoma unhani - 984 000? km. In nomurayiro pamusoro kupatsanura migwagwa vaine mhando dzakasiyana uye ndiwo zvinhu pfuma, kwete chete hurumende asiwo kungava Office of Russian Federation, uyewo vanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzira yose yeUnited, kwematunhu uye matunhu neminisiparati, nemakanzuru tsika. Uyewo, pane private migwagwa.

Federal migwagwa

Migwagwa yeUnited vane zvikukutu dandemutande uye angava nokukurumidza. The Pamazita aifarirwa Hurumende Russian, ivo mamiriro pfuma. Migwagwa kwakadaro neumwe vaverengwa amire pamberi tsamba. Pazvinhu izvi zvinoshanda batana?

Chekutanga, zviri migwagwa zvose unobva guta guru reRussia - Moscow - pamwe misoro kunyika pedyo, uyewo administrative nzvimbo yacho Russian Federation. Kwakadaro mudungwe munzira vanofanira chivakashure "M", izvi zvinosanganisira:

- M1 "Belarus" - "Minsk huru" - unobatanidza Moscow uye Russia inoganhurana Belarus.

- M2 "Crimea" - wokubatanidza European nzira E105 pamwe Moscow, Tula uye Kharkov.

- M5 "Ural" - kuva mukuru urefu 1879? Km uye achaita batanidza Moscow kuChelyabinsk.

Chechipiri, ndiwo mugwagwa unobva yoga yaiona nzvimbo pachavo. Vane "P" chivakashure:

- P22 "reCaspian" - mumwe wakarebesa Regional mumigwagwa vane kureba 1381? Km. Ndizvo chikamu European nzira E119, izvo anomhanya kuburikidza Moscow, Tambov, Volgograd uye Astrakhan.

- P504 "Kolyma" - kureba kupfuura 2000? Km. Chinokosha migwagwa Far East. Parinopfuura kubva Yakutsk kuna reMagadhani.

Chechitatu, - kuwana uye kubatana nzira dzinogona batanidza guta gungwa kana rwizi zvengarava, dzendege kana njanji pazviteshi, uyewo nevamwe senga nodes. "A" vari vose vanozivikanwa chivakashure.

Musi waJanuary 1, 2018 vachaenda simba idzva mazita Russian batana migwagwa. Hakuzovi nokupesana pamusoro hunde migwagwa, uye vamwe. Kuchinja vanobatwawo vakaverengwa uye mazita migwagwa. Munguva pfupi nokukurumidza pamusoro penzira vachava kanenge 130 km / h.

Road "Moscow - Noginsk"

Distance kuMoscow Noginsk ndiyo 58 chete? Km. nzira iyi nhasi anomhanya achitevedza mugwagwa M7 "Volga", achitambanudza kubva kuMoscow kuburikidza Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ufa uye kupera. The mugwagwa ane batana kukosha. Iye haagoni kuzvirumbidza mukuru okuita, zviri zvino kunogona kupfuura kubva 3 kusvika 7 zviuru kumotokari pazuva. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kazhinji pane kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa uye kuzara pamukova Moscow.

Tichifunga kuwedzera hurumende sangano akasarudza kuisa munzvimbo huru matsva "Moscow-Noginsk". mugwagwa uyu nzira kuna M7 uye vachaitwa kubhadharwa.

Mutero migwagwa vava mukurumbira kwazvo dzakabudirira, ndiko ikozvino dzoro uye kuRussia. Chirongwa kwakatanga muna 2014, kwokupedzisira nokutumwa yakarongerwa 2017. Hazvina mugwagwa uyu kuchakubatsira kuti usanyanye huru mutsetse uye kuchaita vagari Noginsk kuenda guru kwemaminitsi 20-30. Yaizova kubatsira zvikuru vanhu kushanda muMoscow.

Mutero mugwagwa "Moscow - Noginsk" achava inokwana 30.000 motokari pazuva. With kusvika 6 Lanes imwe chete negwara uye nokukurumidza kubva 120 km / h, huru kuchabatsira kurerutsa nguva kuenda uye kuti maximize kunyaradza vatyairi. The yokufamba nokuti ichi nzira haisati kuzivikanwa - kana zvichanzi wakaiswa kana kuvimba mileage. Panguva iyoyo, nokuda mari duku iri yapera kuvakwa expressway.

The nzira "Moscow - St. Petersburg"

Panguva iyoyo, St. Petersburg uye Moscow inobatanawo M10 yeUnited Mugwagwa E105 "Russia", anoita vari XIX remakore. Kubatana pakati misoro miviri Peter I aronga uye akaita basa, razova negadziriro yeparutivi mvura hurongwa mashoko. Nhasi mugwagwa kureba 706? Km. Nokuda vachikwanisa duku uye pasi nokukurumidza ino nzira kazhinji kuzara. Usiku mumugwagwa anokwira kuti 130-170 zviuru motokari, uye nokukurumidza pamukova kuMoscow kusvika 10 km / h. Tichifunga izvi makore mashoma apfuura pakava chirongwa kuvaka mugwagwa "Moscow - St. Petersburg" M11.

Road "Moscow - St. Petersburg" vachaparadzwa zvishoma akabhadhara. Kureba ichava 684 km uye chaizvoizvo ichatsiva aivapo M10 penzira nhasi. Kuisa kushanda mugwagwa iri kurongwa muna 2018. To musi, nzvimbo dzinoverengeka akavaka: 15 kusvika 58 Km from Moscow kuna Solnechnogorsk uye 258 ne 334? Km - muna Vyshny Volochek yokunzvenga muna Tver mudunhu.

Paaisika Mifananidzo mugwagwa achafanira kufunga okunze. nzvimbo Four vayambuka nokuda kutevera, akasiyana ezvinhu: Moscow uye Tver akasiyana vakadzikama Continental, uye Novgorod uye Leningrad - Transitional Continental gungwa. All kuchinja kamwe kamwe ari tembiricha inogona zvakaipa kukanganisa mugwagwa pamusoro, uye kuguma watambisa kupfuma yakapararawo. Naizvozvo, tinosvika kuna kusarudza flooring anofanira zvakakura chaizvo. Kubva ichi zvinoenderana remangwana pomugwagwa.

Highway "Moscow - St. Petersburg" achava kubva 2 kusvika 5 Lanes nerimwe divi uye kumhanya 150 km / h. Izvi zvichaita kuderedza nguva kufamba pakati maguta uye kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu vatyairi. Inofungidzirwa mutengo kufamba pamutsetse ichi chichava pamusoro 1,200 rubles. Zvose achavaponesa nguva zuva uye mumwe Chikamu nzira. Saka, nomugwagwa "Moscow - Saint - Petersburg" vachava yechipiri kwaunenge mugwagwa muRussia. Zvakakodzera kujekesa kuti muripo ichava pamusoro 60% enzira riri pasi kuvakwa, uye iwe unogona kushandisa pachena uye kuitika penzira M10.

"Moscow - Beijing" - kutarira ramangwana

Dream kubatanidza East uye West agara wakabatidzwa mumwoyo enterprising vanhu. Pari, kuvaka mugwagwa unobva Moscow uye Beijing, chakaiswa zvichibvira. Muna 2014, rimwe gwaro akanga yakasainwa pakati Russia uye China kuvaka mukuru-nokukurumidza njanji "Moscow - Beijing".

Nhasi, chitima unobva kunyika mbiri, iri mumugwagwa maawa 130 - ndicho 6 mazuva. Kana pakutevedzera chirongwa kuti kubva Beijing kuMoscow achava zvinogoneka mumazuva maviri, nokukurira chinhambwe 7000? Km ari kumhanya 350 km / h. Pamwe chete Chinese njanji kuchaunza kugadzikana zvoupfumi zvose China uye Russia, uyewo kuva akanaka kubatana pakati Europe uye Asia.

Mukuwedzera, nomugwagwa "Moscow - Beijing" kuchakubatsira kukura Urals Federal District. Akabatana panhepfenyuro mumaguta akadai: Kazan, Yekaterinburg, kuChelyabinsk, uye ipapo - Astana (Kazakhstan), Urumqi uye Beijing. Huru uye yokutanga basa iri kubatanidza mukuru-nokukurumidza mugwagwa Moscow uye Kazan. Kuti izvi zvidaro, China achapa zvemichina kwayo uye achaita mari $ 10 bhiriyoni. Zvinonzi aronga kupedza basa ne 2030.

"Moscow - Kazan" - inoenzanirana itsva

Highway "Moscow - Kazan" kuchaita kuti tikwanise kuderedza dzokugara nguva panzira maawa 3,5. Its humwe ekisitenjeni kuna Yekaterinburg achabvumira kuti kufukidza chinhambwe 1595? Km mumaawa 8. Vakaronga kufamba anosvika 400 km / h mukuru-nokukurumidza nezvitima nenzira. Nokukurumidza Regional nezvitima zvichatevera ari chinhambwe 200 km ari kumhanya 200 km / h.

On huru iri vakaronga chokuita nokukurumidza usiku hwese-refu dhonza zvitima, uyewo nokuupenyu uye mudziyo chokufambisa. Speed Nhamba dziri 160 km / h. Pedzisa kuchiteshi mutsetse "Moscow - Kazan" iri kurongwa muna 2018. Chii vachatitaka kuvakwa kwayo? Zvikurukuru kupa mabasa nokuda kwevanhu. Nyanzvi vanoti kuvakwa mugwagwa muna Urals kuchakubatsira dzinomutsidzira yose maindasitiri kunzwisisa. Mumwe kiromita njanji mutsetse achatora vanenge 16 zviuru cubic metres kubva mavhu zvakanaka, vanenge 15 zviuru matani yanyatsosimba kongiri hurongwa dzakakwirira kwazvo quality, matani 125 hwendarira uye matani 25 njanji web. Nokuti kutenga zvinhu izvi kubva kunze kwenyika zvinoda yakawanda mari, izvo achawedzera Mari yaidiwa kuvaka uye, naizvozvo, tinofanira kuva panzvimbo kuvandudza kugadzirwa zvemichina uye kuwedzera unhu hwavo. mabhizimisi Local vanogona kukurira dambudziko iri uye nechokwadi kuti kwemakore akawanda vanhu kushanda.

"Moscow - Don"

Federal Mugwagwa "Moscow - Don" M4, saka zita nekuda pakupera remakore rapfuura, yakavakwa muna 1967. Panguva iyoyo nzira akamhanya achibva guru kuburikidza Voronezh kuna Rostov-on-Don, uye akanga Lanes vaviri 7 mamita paupamhi. In mangwanani 1991 njanji yakapiwa nokuda 500 km, uye ayo kwavaiendeswa aiva Novorossiysk. Saka munhu ano mugwagwa M4 "Don" by kuwedzera munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Zvinofadza kuti akanga ari wokutanga Mugwagwa mutero zviteshi vane nzira waiva dhituwa Hlevnoe musha uye aiva kureba 20 km.

Nhasi huru "Moscow - Don" ndiyo yakanakisisa kuRussia. The chete drawback ndechokuti muzhizha izere motokari imwe uye mune zvimwe. Vakawanda Moscow kwakaita namafuro uye kufamba dzavo pazororo kusvika kugungwa. The njanji kunotungamirira kune Krasnodar uye Stavropol Territories, Rostov Oblast uye Crimea. Back panguva imwe chete nemhepo dzakasiyana-siyana miriwo nemichero kubva kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu Russia muMoscow, St. Petersburg uye kuchamhembe kumatunhu munyika.

In yechando nguva iri yoga zvikamu pomugwagwa, kunyanya mu Krasnodar, uko njanji ichipfuura pamakomo, dai snowdrifts uye simba chando. Bad ekunze anogona kuvhara motokari mumugwagwa kwemazuva mashomanana. Nokudaro, chinhu 2009, kumisa kufamba motokari dzose mumigwagwa unrepaired nzvimbo muna Rostov nharaunda kwemazuva mashomanana.

Chimwe chinetso - kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa zvinowanzoitika panguva kusecha muna Moscow nharaunda, sezvo kubhadharwa yemutero nzvimbo kutora nguva.

Panguva zhinji Mugwagwa mutero pazviteshi, uye rinopa nani zvikuru pamusoro vakasununguka mumigwagwa. Chekutanga, mugwagwa muoti M4 muzvikamu 130 km / h, uye kworutivi - 110 km / h. Chechipiri, pane ichi mwero zvinoda mumugwagwa mukuru anenge zvose pamusoro mumugwagwa, uye ndizvo. Chechitatu, musi akabhadhara nzvimbo akapinda basa vatyairi - nechimbichimbi rubatsiro. pfungwa Excellent - vhidhiyo sos vasaine ose 1.5? km. Kana paiva zororo kana kudzingwa gasi, chete kuenda yeyero bhokisi, uye imi muri chokwadi kubatsira nokukurumidza.

Speed njanji

High-nokukurumidza njanji mitsetse munhau dzayo midzi remakore rapfuura. Kunyange munguva Soviet paiva urongwa kuvaka mukuru-nokukurumidza zvitima, dzakadai motokari - a kumumvuri jeti nezvitima. kutongwa kwake kwakaitika kwema1970. Next zvakanzi nechido chinokosha mukuru-nokukurumidza munzira chirongwa, iyo aifanira batanidza Moscow pamwe Kharkov uye Lozova pamwe mapazi kuna Simferopol uye Rostov-on-Don. navi nokukurumidza munzira zvinofanira kuva 250 km / h.

Zvinosuruvarisa kuparara Soviet Union kwakatungamirira zvoupfumi, uye vose urongwa vaiva kure kare. Kukura mukuru-nokukurumidza chitima "Sokol-250" kwakaita kuti miedzo yacho muna 2000, asi nekuda nezvekukanganisa akawanikwa ari Commission, yakanga kumbobvira ishande. Uyezve, mutengo yokumisa dzavo dzakakwirira-nokukurumidza rinopfungaira wemari vakapfuura bvumidzwa muganhu, uye zvakanga isingadhuri kutenga hunotovapo muEurope, zvitima vakapfuura muedzo.

Agreement pakati JSC "Railways Russian" uye boka German Siemens akanga yakasainwa muna 2006 kuti chokuendesa 8 mukuru-nokukurumidza zvitima, vaikwanisa aimhanya anosvika 330 km / h. Yokutanga chitima wanunurwa muna 2008 uye akasiya akatizira pamusoro nzira "Moscow -. St. Petersburg" Highway "Moscow - St. Petersburg" kuwana akavimbika chitima anofukidza chinhambwe pakati maguta maviri maawa 3 uye maminitsi 45.

Rinotevera mukuru-nokukurumidza chitima akaonekwa nzira "Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod". Travel nguva yakanga maawa 3 maminitsi 55. Iyi nzira yakazarukira vanhu kubva mid-2010. Pakazopera 2010 zvakava kuwanika mukuru-nokukurumidza kudyidzana yemarudzi kukosha "St. Petersburg - Helsinki".

Mugwagwa guru

Moscow, kufanana chero guru, yakazara nemotokari. Vanhu vazhinji vanorarama kunzvimbo dziri kure kana kuenda kubasa muguta kuti kunotenga kana varaidzo yako pachako senga. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa kuti kwezvivako haabvumiri kuti kuramba kuwedzera mugwagwa. Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi muMoscow akasarudza kuvaka mukuru-nokukurumidza mugwagwa. Asati pakutanga XXI remakore pfungwa "migwagwa", uye kunyanya mukati miganhu Metropolis, hariko. Development muzvirongwa itsva uderedze chokufambisa 60% of nechepakati dzomuguta.

Mumwe zvinodiwa: kumusoro-nokukurumidza penzira Moscow vanofanira kubva chokugara nzvimbo, uye vane kumhanya. Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya, kwakasarudzwa kurerutsa uwandu penzira nemisuo yokubuda, uye hapana umwe wavo haitungamiriri chero zvitoro centre. Kuti kutama zvinobvira kuwedzera nokukurumidza pamusoro penzira kusvika 100 km / h.

Nhasi tinoziva pamusoro chirongwa nzira nhatu: North-East, South uye North-West. Migwagwa All achava Ring uye kutaurirana interconnected. mutsetse izvi (kana Chord), maererano nemasimba, kuti kutsiva mumwe chokufambisa chechina mhete. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kwakanyorwa aronga kubatanidza North-West uye North-East of mhete munzvimbo Mutambo dzomumusha, uye South Chord kuchaita kuyambuka North-West muna Krylatskoye muruwa. Kuburikidza ikoku vatyairi vachakwanisa kufamba kubva kumugumo kweguta rimwe, haazopindi muguta centre.

Pose motokari matambudziko emaguta makuru kubatsirwa ne mikuru. Migwagwa vari dhituwa, pamusoro kweguta, uye kubvumira kushandisa vanomutswa bhiriji interchanges kusiya guru muzinda chepachena basa motokari. Maererano chirongwa muMoscow zvinonzi aronga kuti Chord ngaarege kuvhiringidza, panguva iyoyowo nokushumira zvifambiso. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mharadzano yokugara nzvimbo, migwagwa izvi anofanira kana kumutswa pamusoro huru chikamu penzira kana kuenda pachivande.

Speed mumugwagwa, zvakare, haasati kuva wokupedzisira nenhamba. Nyanzvi haisviki munhu nekubvirana pasi nyaya iyi. Chii chaizvo bvumidzwa panzira huru muguta? Vamwe vanodavira - kwete kupfuura 80 km / h, vamwewo vanoti kana kuwedzera kuchengeteka, nokukurumidza inogona ngazviwedzerwe 100 km / h. Zvino, sezvo chikazozikamwa, mitemo yakadaro nevamwe guta: nokukurumidza kunogona haapfuuri 60 km / h.

MuRussia nhasi muAtlantic yakawanda muzvirongwa pamusoro kuvakwa mikuru - zvose migwagwa uye njanji. It anotaura pamusoro kukura upfumi uye achabatsira kuti zvinakire hurumende rose.