International mhosva: pfungwa uye mhando

The yose pamutemo dzemunharaunda haisi chete yokuti munyika mhosva. Zvisinei, pane zvikuru zviratidzo izvozvo mavari. Various mabhuku vanoti munhu tsanangudzo dzakadaro se "yemarudzi mhosva vanhu uye nyika." Masayendisiti akawanda uye United Nations Commission inokurukura mashoko aya anofanana. kwete yokusuma nezvamunobvumirana tsanangudzo, kwakasarudzwa panyaya iyi. UN Commission akagumisa kuti kugadzwa zvinonyatsorehwa muganhu pfungwa, zvaraireva mhosva dzakawanda, dzidziso uye mhando yezviito envisaged muna Charter of muNuremberg Tribunal (Art. 6), yaifanira uchidzidzira.

The vakawanda tsanangudzo

Pari nyika uye mudzimba mabhuku anopa tsanangudzo dzakawanda. Aongorora pavo, nyanzvi vakaedza kuronga wemauto tsananguro. International mhosva chinoumba kutyora mitemo pamutemo pose. Kunosanganisira nomumwe chirango nokuda munhu akaita izvozvo. The chikuru chinoratidza chiito rwakadaro nyasha huru yaro chepasi wedare chero nyika kuti anoda uye anokwanisa kutanga runoenzanirana kugadzirwa. chinhu ichi chinosiyanisa remarudzi mhosva kubva zvavo mabasa kutambudzwa kuti unouya dzidziso wehurumende changamire.

muchikwata Related

yemarudzi yezvakaita mhosva vakaumba kutyorwa rugare pamwe munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana ukama: pfuma, socio-tsika, upfumi uye zvichingodaro. mabasa akadaro anokanganisa pamutemo masangano uye vagari-siyana munyika. Chirango mhosva dzakawanda dzinogona makasimba akakodzera dzakawanda zvibvumirano. Zvisinei, zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvinofanira chagamuchirwa nenyika nyika yacho signatory. Kuunza vanopara kuti kururamisira iyi rinoitwa mukati imwe mamiriro utongi. Mabasa aya, sezvo mutemo, zvinosanganisira piracy, hijacking, counterfeiting, kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa kwezvinodhaka uye zvichingodaro.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo vane mhosva dzakawanda?

characterization kwavo kwakavakirwa zvimwe. Chokutanga ndicho rakafara zvezvinotaurwa nokuparadzirwa. mhosva International, mhosva rugare chinofukidza kutyorwa vaviri kwakajairika vakawanda mitemo uye Interstate zvibvumirano. Mirau havasi zvaidiwa mhosva munhu inofanira kuendeswa kudzivirira chaizvo tsika. Vari inokurukurwa vomunyika dzakawanda sezvo inokosha uye anosunga vanhu vose munyika. Core tsika wakaiswa

• The UN Charter.
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• European Convention.
• International Zvibvumirano.
• Geneva Convention nezvakadaro.

Pakurwisa mhosva dzakawanda iri basa nokuti yose dzakawanda.

The Mhando chikuru

Mitemo ndiwo mhando anotevera mhosva dzakawanda:

1. Kwevanhu.
2. Kurwisa mauto.
3. Mhosva pamusoro pavanhu.
4. Yaiparadza.

kuparadzwa kworudzi

Tsanangudzo iyi anofukidza remarudzi nomutemo Mhosva nechinangwa kuparadzwa kwemadzinza, zvitendero kana boka rorudzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, zvinosanganisira:

1. Kuuraya nhengo munharaunda.
2. Kudzivirira kuzvarwa.
3. Mental Impact.
4. Kuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu upenyu.
5. Zvichikonzera chaiko kukuvara.

Izvi dzakawanda mhosva enshrined muna Convention on Kudzivirira rudzi uye kurangwa 1948, Rome mutemo ICC kubva 1998

Kukanganisa pamusoro vemo '

muchikwata ichi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera mhosva dzakawanda:

• Varanda.
• Umhondi.
• Link.
• Kutambudzwa pamusoro rwechitendero, rwedzinza, zvematongerwe enyika kana mamwe zvikonzero uye nezvimwewo.

Zviito izvi zvinoratidzwa muna Rome Mutemi of International Tribunal.

kurwisa muchiuto

Izvi zvinosanganisira Mhosva dzakawanda dzakadaro:

• Uranda pamusoro pavagere inogarwa ndima.
• Kutambudzwa kuti vanhuwo zvavo.
• Kupondwa vagari.
• Zvechisimba pamusoro vasungwa vehondo.
• Kupondwa hostages.
• Kuparadzwa uye ugororo oga kana voruzhinji pfuma, kwete dzinoruramiswa siyana nemasoja.
• Kuparadzwa pamisha kana pamaguta, uye zvichingodaro.

Kwakadaro mhosva korkein vari enshrined muna Charter, kuti Rome Mutemi, kuti Zvimwe Protocol kuti Geneva Magungano.

zvemumba mutemo

Mhosva dzakawanda hwakanyorwa ch. 34 weCriminal Code. Hazvina mhosva pasi dzinotevera:

• 354 - nokuti ruzhinji kukumbirwa kwehondo.
• 356 - nokuti kushandiswa airambidzwa nzira uye pachishandiswa hondo.
• 357 - nokuti kwevanhu.
• 360 - ive kurwisa masangano uye vanhu pasi kudzivirira dzakawanda.

Zvinofanira kunzi Article. 356 yemutemo weCriminal Code ndiye negumbeze chaizvoizvo, nokuti rine nezvokunyoresa neIntergovernmental sungano Russian Federation.

Kuziva mabasa: nechirevo

Vatsvakurudzi akaratidza zvinoverengeka rinonyatsooneka pamutemo zvakazokonzerwa kupatsanura pakati infringements sezvo mhosva dzakawanda:

1. Mabasa muchikwata ichi anofanira kutsiviwa, pasinei inopiwa Pane Zvirango pavo mudzimba mutemo.
2. International zvisizvo kunogona nokupomerwa nematare, izvo pasi dzimwe (romuzvarirwo) ezvinhu ndisina kukodzera chepasi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nyaya vakanga zvichipomerwa kukonzera vakaita navo, unogona owanirwa kurangwa chero nyika, pasinei miganhu chokuita mhosva uye rupi akuvara kana kuti vavashungurudza. harizovi basa, uye hapana rakananga kutyisidzira kuchengeteka kana National zvido State. Saka, kutonga kwacho rinoitwa Somuenzaniso, kunyange kana pasina kwakajairika hwaro wenharaunda yaitongwa.
3. panyanya International vasanyanya zvakafanana mitemo kutapata misoro veHurumende nevamwe pamusoro vakuru kubva kusunga. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu akaita zvinhu zvakadai, aiita somunhu mukuru wehurumende, mumiririri simba. Nezvenyaya iyi kutapata nemutadzi kana vehurumende chepasi pamusoro nomazvo muvanze dzimwe nyika uye haasi akafukidzwa. An Kusara ndidzo huripo nehurumende chitsauko, nedzenyu vamiririri, Vashumiri Foreign, vachava inviolable kuti nguva yokusiya ake pambiru.
4. Dare anogona kupiwa kune zvenyama wenharaunda yaitongwa dzemarudzi yezvakaitwa pamberi kwayo pakagadzwa. Kutonga uku shoma chete nyaya apo infringements dzave criminalized ari pose nemitemo panguva.
5. Mhosva International, chero chiitiko, akadai kwedzinza, hondo mhosva, kurwadziswa, paacharwisa vanhu, mutemo zvausingakwanisi hazvigoni ingashandiswa.
6. ruregero nemabasa wokurera nezviremera kunyika vane vagari vari vatambi vanonzi vakaita chiito, kana munharaunda iyo infringements vaionekwa, regai kusunga matare mamwe inoti uye zvimwe zviremera gona.

Kutyorwa nyaya pasi dziviriro

List rusarura, anoita rusarura iyo vanonzi mhosva dzakawanda, enshrined mune akakodzera gungano. Maererano gwaro, kuti masangano pasi dziviriro dzinosanganisira:

1. Musoro State kana neimwe nhengo collegial muviri achiita mabasa ake.
2. Official kana zvimwe nomumiririri yemarudzi neIntergovernmental sangano, nhengo dzavo kurarama navo.
3. Foreign Minister.
4. State Vamiririri kana mamwe machinda kodzero inokosha kuchengetedzwa.
5. musoro wehurumende.
6. Apa vanhu, pamusoro apa masangano, nemhuri dzavo.

premeditation

It zvinoiswa pamusoro kudarika yakakumikidzwa kana:

1. Drain, anouraya kana zvimwe kukanganisa rusununguko uye nezvezvisikwa nenyaya pasi chaihwo kudzivirirwa.
2. Kurwiswa kushandisa mhirizhonga iri mhenyu, pamutemo kwakavakirwa, zvinoreva pakufamba munhu akadaro.
3. Kuedza kurwisa.
4. Rakabatanidzwawo kurwisa.
5. Kutaura kutyisidzirwa munhu pasi chaiyo kudzivirirwa.

Kusiyana epamba wemhosva kururamisira hurongwa, mune mutemo dzakawanda inopa zvakawanda mabasa. Hazvina basa chinangwa, musi unoita chinhu kukanganisa. Main urongwa hunokosha kudzivirira vanhu yakagadzwa Convention. Mumwe wavo rakagamuchirwa muna 1994. It anoita kuchengeteka UN vashandi uye anoenderana vanhu. The yokupedzisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira vechikamu kuti anochengetedza runyararo kushanda, vashandi masangano asiri ehurumende rubatsiro ruyamuro. Kurwisa remasangano vanonzi mhosva pasi dzenyika mutemo mhosva.

mubatwa-kupinza

mhosva iyi inozivikanwa somunhu ngozi remagandanga chiito. Pakutanga, mubatwa-wokukundwa yakatorwa semhosva kutyorwa kazhinji vakagamuchira mitemo munyika chete iri nyaya raiwanzobatana kanga. Zvinoitwa mhosva hwakasimbiswa Convention pakati 1979, izvo muna 1987 akakumbanira Soviet Union. Gwaro, zvikurukuru, akataura kuti nyaya rinoburitsa uye detains, vachivhundutsira kuuraya, kukuvadza, kana kuramba kuiita, kuti States, masangano neIntergovernmental, kana mugari / repamutemo kuita chiito sechinhu rokumanikidzirwa ezvinhu kusunungurwa It anoita hijacking. Somunhu mhosva kwakadaro zvakare vaiona kuedza uye kupindurawo chiito chakadaro. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro dzakawanda hunhu mhosva. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, Art. 13 Convention iroro kuti gwaro hairevi zviitiko apo kupambwa vagari vakaita mukati munharaunda imwe nyika, sezvo zvebhinya uye akuvara ayo zvizvarwa, pamwe rokutanga riri State. chitsamba ichi inopa yemibvunzo kudyidzana pakati inoti pakurwisa mhosva iyi. Panguva iyo nzvimbo hakurevi runosanganisirawo kusashandisa Hurumende cheHurumende kupa yazvo mutemo chirango chipi chiito mubatwa-wokukundwa.

zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo

Zvisiri pamutemo akavhiyiwa chokuita kugadzirwa, kutengeswa kwakadaro zvinhu, kwemakumi akawanda emakore vanoshumira se chinhu munyika zviri pamutemo migumisiro. munyika nhasi ndivo Single Convention on marwadzo Drugs uye Psychotropic. Zvinosanganisira yakafarikana nemirayiro pamutemo, kupa nzira dzokudzora pamusoro riparadzirwe akarambidzwa yeimwe. Kunyanya, chirango akapa nomutemo:

1. Import / ekisipoti.
2. Storage.
3. Kurimwa uye kugadzirwa.
4. Sale / kutengwa.

Somurau itsva nyasha UN Convention, izvo anoita nzira kurwisa zvisiri pamutemo zvisiri yeimwe yakadaro. Gwaro iri rakagamuchirwa muna 1988, Soviet Union chagamuchirwa muna 1989. The Convention rinoti kuti yokupedza nayo kusiri kuwanda, kugadzira, kuchengetera marwadzo uye psychotropic zvinhu anoita somunhu seboka basa kunyika dzose. The pamazita mabasa kuti ukodzere kuva Mazvokuda kutyora mirayiro yakataurwa Art. 3. epamba mitemo rinopawo kuti kuita kuti mabasa akadaro. Complex ukoshi rine Federal Mutemo "On marwadzo Drugs uye Psychotropic Zvinhu", vakagamuchirwa muna 1998. It mvumo wehurumende wokuti yemibvunzo mumunda okuita zvisiri izvi zvinhu, pane anotaura zviridzwa dzakawanda.

hijacking

mhosva iyi hunorondedzerwawo mune akakodzera UN Convention. Gwaro rinotaura kuti chiito ichi mhando zvingangoisa mungozi kuchengeteka pfuma uye vanhu, zvichiita nouchapupu kukuvara mhepo motokari, kurerutsa chivimbo vagari 'mu kuchengeteka ndege. Mhosva unhu anopiwa munyaya. 1 Convention. Sezvo chiito akaona zvisiri pamutemo, chisimba, kana pasi kutyisidzira kwakadaro kana kushandisa dzimwe nzira kutyisidzira hijacking kana anoridzora, chinoitirwa chero mutambi mungarava, kugara kutiza. chikamu ichi mhosva zvinoshandawo oedza vaite uye rakabatanidzwawo mairi. The ndege anoonekwa kuti kugara kutiza kubva nguva nokuvhara musuo rokunze mushure vachizvitakudza pamberi hwomukova upi wavo kutura. The Convention zvinoshanda nyaya umo nzvimbo kumhara chaiyo kana kutora-kure riri kunze ndege kunyoresa. Muchiitiko chino, hazvizovi basa, Itai mudzimba kana munyika dzakawanda kutiza.

The Convention haiiti hurumende kumisa yayo mutoro mutemo mhosva dzakadai. MuRussia, mubvunzo kurohwa asarudza sezvinotevera. Basa hakubvi pakutsvaga zvinokonzera akataura Convention uye chokuita nesungano enyika. Pachirehwa chero nyaya nepfari kana hijacking. Panyaya iyi, mutongo zvinoshanda yezvakaitwa kwete kutiza, asi paaigara panyika. Zvinhu zvokudya vakaisa pasi ari Convention regai kukanganisa yenyika chepasi.

Mukuwedzera

Nhasi kusiyanisa mumwe muboka - utsotsi muchinjikwa kumuganhu. Kazhinji, zviito zvakadaro vanoumba kurwiswa, kukuvadza zvido masangano kana vanhu vanogara munyika dzakasiyana. Ndizvo kukuvara iyi nyaya kunosvika mhiri miganhu chete mamiriro. unhu ichi achangobva kuwana uye akarongeka mhosva.