ITA - zviri ... Basic uchishandisa software. Pakazosvika hurongwa Software zvinosanganisira

Computers - hwedu yokusafa upenyu shamwari rechipiri gumi. Vanobatsira vanhu unakirwe uye basa, kutaura neshamwari pose. Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete vanoshandisa zvose dziri kushanda dzemitemo pamwe kombiyuta.

Zvikurukuru, ivo Kashoma funga kukosha rakavhurika mabviro software. Izvi hurongwa software. Chii chinorehwa pfungwa iyi uye chii kukosha mapurogiramu aya? Kuziviswa nyaya iyi uye nyaya ino. Uyezve, tichakurukura kuitika musi hurongwa Software kupatsanura.

Zvakakosha kuziva kunyange vanhuwo vanoshandisa, sezvo kana kuverenga dzimwe nyaya dzawo kazhinji havagoni kunzwisisa musimboti zvakanyorwa. Zvinoitika saizvozvo nokuda kwokusaziva zvinowanzoitwa mazwi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kazhinji kukanganisa chivi kunyange specialized kupfuma.

Nhanganyaya

Kare, isu vakashandisa zvose chepurogiramu vari rakakamurwa makirasi maviri:

• System zvikumbiro (ITA - ndiyo hwaro upi uchishandisa hurongwa).
• Application zvirongwa.

Pane imwe kirasi zvikuru unyanzvi chikumbiro software, asi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva naye uye akawana rwokugadzira Developers chete.

Kuti chikumbira zvinosanganisira hofisi zvikumbiro, software kusika uye Editing zvifananidzo, uyewo dzimwe mari iyo mumwe nomumwe wedu anofanira kubata zuva nezuva. Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti kirasi iyi ndicho uye vakawanda.

Chii chinobatanidzwa mu pfungwa rakavhurika kupi Software? chirongwa ichi chakagadzirirwa kutarisira DBMS (Database) akagadzirirwa kuti kudyidzana pakati rokushandisa uye kombiyuta (DE - hwakajeka membranes), uyewo kushandiswa gadziriro rokuchera uye processing ruzivo. Recent kushandiswa (zvikurukuru) muchikepe ndege uye muhondo nemotokari.

Vatyairi, etc.

Kakawanda govera maitiro mumaraibhurari uye vatyairi mudziyo kuti chinangwa chahwo hakuna nzira yakasiyana kubva CHIMWE CHINHU. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, kuti tizvirangarire aparadzane haatombotauri musoro.

Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu Software (System Software) anogona kunzi akaita zvirongwa uye interfaces kuti zvinoshandiswa kudzora uye kombiyuta kudyidzana kwevanhu. chinangwa chavo chikuru - kuti muchina shanduro nematurusi kuratidza uye ongorora muna Kunyatsoziva kwatiri chinyorwa zvose kana kwakajeka chimiro. Zvinoumba S. (Zvakarurama kusiyana utilities) Munenge hakukonzerwi matambudziko chaiwo kugadziriswa kombiyuta user.

Anogona kugadzira nayo kumba, kana zvichida zuva rose kugara munzanga network. Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, kuti combiyta anosiyana zvinoshamisa, apo murwiyo wegadziriro zvikumbiro kaviri hapana shanduko.

Ko hurongwa Software

Zvino isu ongorora muudzame kugadzwa ichi mhando zvirongwa. Saka avo chikuru mabasa:

• Ivo kusika ezvinhu umo mafomu vanomhanya utility (Os).
• Zvinopa anoitwa uye kushandisa michina pamusoro pokumuka mafomu matsva.
• Maximize kururama uye kunyatsoshanda yokukurukurirana pakati makombiyuta ari munharaunda uye pasi rose network.
• Rokuongorora (nokugadzira)-siyana programmatic nokukundikana.
• Basa achiita upiyona akavhiyiwa (kumusoro, archiving, mashoko chinja).

Saizvozvowo, hapana basa kombiyuta pasina rusununguko Software asingagoni, pfungwa, sezvo kunyange chinyakare uchishandisa hurongwa - uyewo zvakawanda nyanzvi zvikumbiro. Maintenance zvirongwa izvi zvinogona chete kubata vanokwanisa vanoshandisa, uye kubudirira - akanakisisa chete programmers, uyo dzimwe nguva vanofanira kuziva muchina mutauro zvirongwa (unyanzvi dzakadai munyika zvarwo muzvikamu). Muchidimbu, kuti asike Os yavo akapfeka voga iwe chete hazvishandi.

ruzivo Basic uye unyanzvi

Pasinei kunzwisisa mapurogiramu akadai, kunyange vanhuwo vanoshandisa vanofanira kunzwisisa zvakaita basa ravo, sezvo zvinokanganisawo negoho nekuita hwavo kombiyuta. Somuenzaniso, kusaziva chokuita basa zvirongwa pfungwa kuti kudzora kunyora uye kuverenga mashoko kubva dhisiki pamusoro, haugoni Format yakaoma dhisiki, kwakavakirwa mhando date kuti kuda kuizadzisa.

Sezvatakamboreva kare akati, kushanda kwavo systemic zvakasikwa, izvo haachinji zvinhu kumbobvira. Ndokusaka kukura rakavhurika bhuku Software dzinoturwa kunyanya inoomesera zvinodiwa.

Kupatsanura hurongwa Software

Pachivanhu muchikoro ichi vari inotevera Software shanduro:

• Control zvinoriumba.
• munhu akaidza zvinoriumba, kubudiswa uye kuparadzira mashoko.

How nyore kunzwisisa, zvirongwa kuzvidzora vari nemasiraidhi akapendwa chikuru pezvakaitwa nokubvumira mano zvose ishande zvakanaka kombiyuta yako. Chavainyanya mabasa ndeinotevera:

• Direct kudzora zvose kubudiswa simba hurongwa.
• Kushanda pamwe Data zvaidiwa kwayo kushanda.

Kakawanda, maturusi ava nguva kombiyuta Gwaro. Kuva mugari mano achiumba chinoumba yacho Os. Kana masimba zvirongwa, izvo zvakafanira kuita mamwe mabasa anokosha, vakaremerwa kupinda ndangariro pakarepo pamberi oparesheni, dzinonzi dzaifanoiswa (transitive). Chero zvazvingava, nhasi maturusi izvi zvinowanikwa sorutivi zvose uchishandisa maitiro uye vatyairi vari muchimiro mumaraibhurari chete.

Kusiyana neizvi, purogiramu Uropi mhanya yoga. Kakawanda, vakaponeswa vari kugadzwa pasuru kubva rikashandiswa mafomu. Panzira, kuti installer (the Windows ari installer Somuenzaniso) inotaurawo kuti hurongwa software.

Chimwe shanduro kupatsanura

Kakawanda, vanamazvikokota vanoti combiyta anofanira rakakamurwa dzinokosha uye basa. By mujinga ndivo zvirongwa kuti anopa chaizvo kushanda kombiyuta. Saizvozvowo, hurongwa Software dzinosanganisira:

• Own anodawo hurongwa uye vatyairi vari sezvamunoita yavo.
• Skins (DE) uye dzimwe nhau nokuda Implementation purogiramu.
• File Managers.

Os sezvo kutaridza yakazaruka mabviro Software

Tikaramba kuona hurongwa software. Kushanda hurongwa vari chinokosha kwayo.

Kazhinji, kuti Os pachayo inogona achimiririrwa kutaridza ekombiyuta kuti vari kukonzera kugamuchirwa, kubudiswa, kushandiswa mashoko uye kudzora zvose hurongwa namano. Kudivi rimwe, iri uchishandisa maitiro anoita se "spacer" pakati inodzidzisa uye kombiyuta yake, Ukuwo, zviri kukonzera napo kushandisa zvinobudirira zvose Software uye Hardware achizadza ekupedzisira.

In mabhuku, iri uchishandisa hurongwa inonziwo inokosha hurongwa software. Sei wokurera mazwi ichi, isu funga pazasi.

File Management - chakakosha kushanda ITA

File mamaneja zvakagadzirirwa nyore kuwana mumuviri umboo pamusoro Disc, kuratidza navo mufananidzo graphical. Saka, vanogona chete kushandisa musoro faira zita, pane ayo zvakananga nzvimbo iri rakaoma disk.

Kunokosha! File hurongwa uye faira mamaneja pachavo havapo, nekuti vari akagadzirirwa dzakananga anodawo hurongwa negadziriso zvimwe zvinetso. Saka, vamwe vanamazvikokota dzinobvumirana kuti yenyu hurongwa Software uye zvinosanganisira mafomu aya.

Asi pane zvimwe zvinhu kuti tizive mafungiro kuti chirongwa chakadai maererano vakazvimirira mashoko utariri Ezvemutauro:

• Vazhinji anodawo hurongwa (uye kwenguva refu uye zvinenge zvose) kunogona panguva (!) Kushanda pamwe anenge faira zvose hurongwa.
• Vamwe chinyakare (asi achiri kushanda) hurongwa kuita pasina mafomu aya.

Chii ITA basa

chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira zvirongwa kuti yekudyidzana kuwedzera nezvaanogona wegungano cheMutemo, zvichiita yamunenge kuguma user. Vanogona kuva Classified, uye awane yakawanda pfungwa:

• Vatyairi mudziyo hadzina vakaradzikwa munyika uchishandisa ino panguva padariro kwayo zvisikwa.
• Computer zvirongwa kuzviremekedza chirwere, iyo anobvisa kudiwa inodzidzisa kuwana chikonzero zvikanganiso nokukundikana.
• Oddly zvakakwana, asi Anti-utachiona Software anowiriranawo tsanangudzo "basa". Cherechedza kuti akanga asina nguva dzose.
• Mafomu basa Zvifambiso kubvumira kuti kutevedzera uye Archive data, zvachose zvinomuomera kuikanganwa kana kudzosa mashoko mafaira kuti optimize muitiro achinyora Disc.
• Akavaka-em backup purogiramu kuderedza kuti vakatora nzvimbo mashoko.
• Magetsi kuderedza pomumbure pfuma uye pemambure pacharo.

Kazhinji boka iri zvirongwa anonzi maitiro utilities. Just dzinoti zvirongwa antivirus Musadana. Nhasi, anozivikanwa kunoreva kubva Symantec, Touch Stone, uyewo mamwe makambani makuru kuti kupa software. Mhando-software zvimwe zviitiko takawongorora, asi vanoramba mibvunzo zvisingagadziriswi inoverengeka.

ITA kushanda pamwe Network protocols

Sezvo zita rinoreva, izvi hurongwa zvikumbiro vane basa kuenda padandemutande. Ona kuti zvose zvinotevera mashoko anoshanda zvakawanda kune nehurongwa akagadzirirwa kuita zvimwe zviito chaizvo (tsamba Server faira Server). Kuti dzifambirane software kurongeka ichi, kazhinji kutanga shanduro itsva uchishandisa hurongwa.

Chinokosha kunzwisisa basa rose algorithm chinhu Server chirongwa chinokosha anogamuchira zvikumbiro kubva zvakarukwa uye pachayo anotuma mhinduro. Utilities yakagadzirirwa kutumira zvikumbiro, akadana vatengi. Cherechedza kuti chikumbiro anotumwa muchimiro munhu kwezvipimo format, iyo kazhinji kunzi Protocol. Mhinduro uyewo akatumwa somunhu faira womumwe Manyorerwo rine zvose mashoko anodiwa (packet).

Zviya, kureva, Firefox, Opera uye Google Chrome - zvakafanana vatengi, izvo inobva papfungwa yokuti chete kufamba.

Zvirongwa mamiriro ezvinhu uye Implementation zvirongwa

Mapurogiramu aya chokuita chaizvo rinoreva, asi kunzwisisa inokosha vavo Zvinokoshawo, nekuti pasina ichi hazvibviri kunzwisisa zviga nokushanda uchishandisa maitiro uye kombiyuta zvarwo. Havafaniri chete kusika, asiwo debug uye vomurova mafomu.

Nyanzvi dzinoti kana ichi munyika Software zvinosanganisira:

• Zvinoreva kuti achitaipa uye fora rugwaro.
• Mushanduri kana muturikiri (nokuti mutauro pachena).
• The linker, kunonziwo linker.
• Debuggers.
• Full chikumbiro mumaraibhurari kuti aurayiwe chirongwa.

Ona kuti kushandisa akasikwa (isingawanzopotswi kunze) pasi chero mamwe Os. Asi maitiro zvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kuti vave navo, unogona kushanda nenzira dzakasiyana zvachose system (nokuti ichi uye vanoda hurongwa mumaraibhurari). Izvi zvinokosha zvikuru nokuti havaiti chengetedza pachavo Developers pakusarudza nzvimbo ino kuti basa.

Ndezvipi Vashanduri

Sezvo tsanangudzo iyi pachena kwete vose, tarisa nyaya iyi zvizere.

Izvi zvinokosha pfungwa zvinoreva purogiramu anoshandura zvirongwa mutauro kuti zvinonzwisisika kuti vanhu, kupinda muchina mutauro. Chokwadi, mutauro muchina anogona kunzwisiswa uye murume, asi nyanzvi idzi pose chikwata. Chirongwa pacharo makanyorwa chero mutauro zvirongwa, rinonzi rine module. Chinhu module anonzi mashoko Muongororo yekutanga rakanyorwa kuti zvishandiswezve muchina. Sechivako module ichi inoumbwa acho chirongwa ratova kushandurirwa mumutauro muchina, uyewo mamwe mashoko anodiwa yayo chaiyo nokushanda uye debugging.

mafomu ose mukirasi iyi vari rakakamurwa compilers uye vaturikiri. Chokutanga pakarepo ashandurire panobva rwezuva muchina module. Muturikiri haisi chete anoita inotakura, asi zvino anoedza kuidza chirongwa. On hwaro ichi, ane huru imwe drawback: ari kunonoka Implementation purogiramu. Ndokusaka kushandisa nzira yakadaro chete pakati mitauro nyore chaizvo chinyakare, dzinoshandiswa kudzidzisa zvinokosha zvirongwa.

Linker, kana linker, ari mubasa kubudiswa chinhu modules vari shangu zvinhu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo kare zvinogona dzapinda nomusoro uye vakaurayiwa.

Debugger, uye dzimwe zvinoriumba

The debugger anoita inokosha basa, sezvo anobvumira kudzora chirongwa aibuda, panguva imwe chete achitsvaka zvikanganiso mairi. In chikuru chinhu yakatarwa kwayo inosanganisira:

• Kuti vanotsika kuburikidza akatakura chinhu module, pamwe wechigarire maberekero zvabuda.
• Titsaukire zvakafanorongwa pfungwa yacho yokuvaka.
• Kana paine yakadaro kubatsirwa, debugger chingamisa chirongwa zvachose akafanorongerwa pfungwa.
• Kuratidza variables zvose kushandiswa.

zvakawanikwa

Saka, ngationei kupfupikisa. Zvakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvinotevera vanobatanidzwa mune hurongwa Software:

• Zvakananga Os (uchishandisa hurongwa).
• Skins (DE) uye chirongwa kuuraya kwezvakatipoteredza.
• File mamaneja, uye dzimwe faira utariri chokushandisa.
• Developer Tools.
• All Ezvemutauro network.
• Vamwe mafomu.

Pano isu amutsvaka nemamiriro ezvinhu software.