Kodzero kuvhota uye nesarudzo gadziriro yacho Russian Federation

Mumwe zvematongerwo enyika, hunhu izvo pane mitemo nemirayiro kuona nhamba nevarikutonga uye zvemitemo simba, iyo inotorwa kana kubudirira Mvumo - ndicho nesarudzo hurongwa yeRussian Federation, iyo pave mumwe mhando simba, kuronga, uye dzinovimbisa kutora chikamu yose munzanga mukusika ichiumba uye kukura wehurumende simba. Kana sarudzo dzinoitwa kubudirira uye migumisiro anozivikanwa vazhinji, zvinonzi kuti nzanga anokwanisa kugadzirisa zvematongerwo nzira rugare matambudziko ose.

zvinoriumba

In ayo mamiriro, nyika yakanangana nesarudzo maitiro ari Russian Federation ane zvikamu zvikuru zviviri. Izvi, kupfuura zvose, kodzero dzokuvhota - dzepamutemo mitemo iri musarudzo nzira, apo pane kungotarisa (kuti kusarudzwa) uye rinoita zvakanaka (political, pamusoro kodzero vagari kuti vasanangurwa). Uyewo, pane mabasa uye mitemo nesarudzo kuti waidzora nesarudzo muitiro pachayo vazhinji. Chechipiri, chikuru chezvinonhuwira kuti nesarudzo ino ndiyo nesarudzo muitiro - wose zvakawanda zvakasiyana zviito pamusoro sangano iri sarudzo, kuti dzika navo.

Izvi zvinoshanda hwesangano pfungwa inobva nesarudzo mutemo uye ane nzendo dzakawanda zvinokosha urongwa hwavo; kugadzwa musi, maruwa dzidzo uye polling dzemapurisa nokuda sarudzo, paumbwe sarudzo makomisheni, uye - Chikurukuru - the nomination kwevadzidzi, avo kunyoresa, kuvhota uye ipapo nokupfupikisa zvabuda kubva pakagadzwa. The nesarudzo gadziriro yacho Russian Federation unoshanda chete zano rakadaro. Zvose ano mamiriro ane democratic gadziriro iri kushandiswa tsika, National sarudzo - reparamende uye musarudzo kunoteverwa vepurovhinzi uye, pakupedzisira, kuti hurumende dzematunhu.

mhando

The nesarudzo gadziriro yacho Russian Federation inoshanda tsika uyewo mamwe marudzi sarudzo, izvozvo zvinoenderana padanho hurumende, iyo iri Pari kuumbwa. Kune mhando nhatu: Ruzhinji nesarudzo hurongwa, yakavhenganiswa Proportional.

1. Ruzhinji anobva nheyo ruzhinji, kureva richakunda musarudzo, uyo zvakaitika kutaipa zvakawanda mavhoti kupfuura rumwe. Kodzero kuvhota uye nesarudzo gadziriro wokuRussia Federation vanoziva Mhedziso ruzhinji (makumi mashanu muzana pamwe chete vhoti) uye hama (chete kupfuura anokumhan'arira). Kana mhedziso ruzhinji haina scored hapana, chisarudzo vachaitwa pamusoro kunhivi rechipiri kuvhota, iyo ichange kukwikwidzana vaviri musarudzo uyo akawana zvikuru mavhoti. Zviri kuti hurongwa hwakadai, akasarudzwa mutungamiri. Muna 2012, vakuru munzvimbo Russian vakatanga zvakare kupinda nesimba yakananga akakurumbira vhoti, asi muna 2013 purezidhendi zvinganaka yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kuti dzave vakagamuchirwa, uye zvino vabati Paramende vhoti.

2. Kodzero kuvhota uye nesarudzo gadziriro iri Russian Federation vakashandisa nheyo proportionality ari yavaive zvigaro dzeparamende maererano nokuwanda mavhoti vakawana muna musarudzo ari bato mazita, uye mumwe nomumwe aifanira imwe nhamba zvigaro mu Paramende, iro rinowanikwa kubva nhamba zvigaro kuti bato kugamuchirwa nechimwe esarudzo . Saka muna Russian State Duma uye kuumbwa Regional parliaments kusvika 2011. Muna 2007, yakanangana nesarudzo chikumbaridzozve akamutswa, achibvisa Mbiru "ose", uye rezasi chikumbaridzo voter turnout, bato kugona kuumba zvinogumbura. Zvino, pashure 2011, zvose zvakanga zvakasiyana, anenge nokuita wechitatu zvino, hurongwa - yoga.

Mixed nesarudzo maitiro of Russian Federation muna 2016

State Duma sarudzo muna 2011 vakanga vari vokupedzisira, apo paramende yeUnited akapfuura mapato mana chete, ane vamiririri vaiva muimba yepazasi wechishanu ungano. Ndiye Communist Party, "United Russia", LDPR uye "Fair Russia". Hapana vemamwe mapato akasagona kuyambuka Chipingamupinyi 5-7% of vhoti. Kukura nesarudzo ezvinhu ari Russian Federation kunoratidza kuramba kushandisa nheyo Proportional-majoritarian musarudzo, sezvo chakaitika muna 2016. Uyu kumbonyanya anonzwisisa kubatana mhando nesarudzo gadziriro, dzinokodzera nesananguro munhu okumanikidza simba zvikuru.

Imwe hafu vevatariri akasarudzwa muna chete-murayiro esarudzo (ruzhinji hurongwa hama ruzhinji), yechipiri yezana - musi Proportional hurongwa pamwe shanu muzana mechidziro chete nesarudzo dunhu. The mitemo kuitika prescribes mu Paramende mapato sarudza vaida purezidhendi Russia, pasina kuunganidza zvikamu, uye izvi akazviunganidzira gumi. Mapato kugamuchira anopfuura matatu muzana sarudzo, vangadai vakagamuchira nhamba ropafadzo uye zvinobatsira vmeset pamwe zvakananga kubvuma kuti zvinotevera sarudzo kuHurumende Duma. Asi vatatu muzana hapana scored, uye akaramba ari achidzora ari pamusoro ndivo chete mapato mana.

The hurongwa hwesarudzo makomisheni muna Russian Federation

Collegial akazvimirira miviri, izvo kuumbwa, ukuwo, nesarudzo mutemo, kuronga uye nechokwadi kunhaka nesarudzo panguva pazvinhanho zvose nemareferenda - ndiyo sarudzo makomisheni. Havazivi kuvimba nehurumende kana zviremera zvomunzvimbo, kuita kwavo pachavo (mu uchidzidzira machinda vari dzinenge nguva dzose kupindira avo mabasa).

The hurongwa hwesarudzo makomisheni muna Russian Federation rakanyatsojeka kunzwisisa uye heterogeneous. CEC - Central Election Commission - akapiwa kutungamirira yose yezvinhu, izvozvo unoshanda chinoramba hwaro uye achaita kuronga sarudzo panguva batana chechetere. Legal mutemo wenyika nesarudzo ezvinhu ari Russian Federation zvachose ake. X kwakaita RF - sarudzo makomisheni munzvimbo dziri munyika - uyewo ushande dzichimhanya uye kuwedzera pokuita sangano sarudzo panguva yeUnited pachiyero, zvakazara pave nesarudzo kumatunhu (wevatariri vanodzika mitemo). Miganhu sarudzo makomisheni zviripo makanzuru, uyewo dzoruwa uye nenzvimbo.

misimboti

Kana ngarira muudzame nesarudzo gadziriro rwevanodzvinyirira Russian Federation, dzidziso, mhando zvakafanira kugara pamusoro dzinokosha dzaro zviito. Chokutanga, hazvina wakaiswa inokosha kutanga, mujinga yose mashandiro yokupira mutemo kodzero vagari enshrined muBumbiro reMitemo, kuti kusarudzwa uye kuvhota ari nhengo weHurumende simba uye nemakanzuru kuzvitonga. Misimboti nokushanda nesarudzo ino ngaive chokuratidza kuti legality, pamutemo zviito musarudzo, vavhoti, makomiti uye neshamwari - zvose pokuita sarudzo.

Nekuti isu kushandisa dzakasiyana mhando nesarudzo gadziriro yacho Russian Federation, zvinofanira kuva zvakakwana kudzivirira kodzero vagari. Zviri pamutemo enshrine zviga nesarudzo kodzero Russian Constitution, mirau Federation, mitemo yeUnited, ivo dzemunharaunda mutemo dzakawanda. Pane chinogona vaiona mapoka maviri dzemitemo kuti mutemo nesarudzo ukama: misimboti kuita sarudzo wezvizvarwa Russian uye nenheyo chokuita zvakananga kuti sangano sarudzo uye maitiro avo.

neboka

Nezvinodzidziswa vemo Russian 'kuita sarudzo iri zvakananga kubatana kuti mashoko ari Implementation uye zviri kuzviitira kodzero vavhoti. Kodzero kuvhota kunofanira zvakananga, vakaenzana uye pahunosiya kubatanidzwa musarudzo vavhoti - yokuzvidira kuvhota - muchivande. In kuvapo Russian Constitution haripinduri yakasimbiswa nerimwe nheyo idzi, asi kutaura zvose izvi Article 81, chokuita sarudzo dzemutungamiriri wenyika. Naizvozvo, zvikuru kukosha ndechokuti Article 3 yeUnited mutemo pamusoro chakasimba chekuchengetedzwa pakati kodzero vavhoti, izvo chinopa kuti yokuzvidira uye vakasununguka kuita sarudzo, zvose vagari Russia, uye pechingoro chinhu chakavanzika nokuvhota uye inoshanda zvakananga uye kuenzana kwekodzero.

Misimboti nesarudzo ezvinhu ari Russian Federation anopa kukoshesa yezvisikwa suffrage, apo zvinofungirwa kuti chero mugari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere achava nekodzero kusarudzwa kuti hurumende masimba uye nemakanzuru kuzvitonga. Uyewo unogona vasanangurwa, pokuita yose waiti mitemo uye kunze maererano nomutemo nesarudzo mabasa. kodzero iyi hakunei rudzi, pabonde, mutauro, nyika, mavambo, mukuru kana pfuma chinzvimbo, chitendero, nzvimbo dzokugara, nhengo munzvimbo neshamwari, zvitendero uye chero mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Panguva iyi uye anoshevedza yose sezvakaita wokuRussia nesarudzo hurongwa.

Referendamu of Russian Federation

Referendamu unonzi munyika sarudzo pamusoro mabhiri uye dzimwe nyaya zvikuru nokuda nehurumende. Izvi zvakafanana sarudzo - chikuru uye kupfuura zvakananga mashoko zvevanhu simba - kuti ndiyo pfungwa. The nesarudzo gadziriro yacho Russian Federation harisi chete musarudzo huchiti simba, aiva iye anoronga uye anoitisa nemareferenda kuti dzinoitwa zvachose munharaunda Russia, pakona rimwe nerimwe yayo, chakavanzika nokuvhota, pahwaro zvakananga yezvisikwa kuratidza kuda zvakaenzana kodzero. Mumwe referendamu mukwikwidzi ane mumwe chete vhoti.

A mugari anogona chete kuvhota nemareferenda havabatanidzwi mavari akasununguka zvachose, uye haugoni kudzora kuda. Panguva referendamu Hazvibviri kumanikidzira chizvarwa yokutaura zvavanotenda, uye haukwanisi kumumanikidza kusiya ake. Kugadzirira uye kunhaka yacho chiitiko rinoitwa sarudzo makomisheni, mamiriro masangano uye nemakanzuru kuzvitonga. mabasa avo ose zvinoitiswa mune segirazi nenzira.

The pamutemo framework

Institute nokuti Development of Russian Federation Election System (Iris) - ruzhinji sangano, asiri ehurumende uye isiri yezvematongerwe enyika, Positioning kuvhiyiwa panguva achizadza zvinodiwa munzanga mashoko pamusoro hweruzhinji. Kuti pane vakawanda tichivenga dzokuteerera mumunda nesarudzo kodzero vokuRussia. Zvisinei, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti yose sezvakaita kodzero dzokuvhota hakurevi kusavapo rairambidzwa kubatanidzwa vomuUmambo musarudzo. Murairo nhevedzano refu zvinodiwa, akasimbisa mumurayiro, izvo zvakawanda dzokuvhota kodzero vemo nomumwe munhu chikonzero kana mumwe.

Discriminatory pakuderedza mune zvinodiwa izvi, zvechokwadi kwete, nekuti vanotsvaka chinangwa chakasiyana kurongeka: Zvokudya vaifarira uye achiziva kuita sarudzo pasina nesarudzo kodzero dzevanhu. The kuvhota zera uye mugari wemo wokutanga pamazita ichi. Mutungamiri wenyika hazvigoni kusarudzwa munhu haisati makore makumi matatu nemashanu, uye mutevedzeri of State Duma haagoni kuva vanhu pasi makore makumi maviri nerimwe. Asi hapana kunonyanyisa zera ravira. Mugari wemo chinodiwa chete zvinoshanda pusa suffrage. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi haagoni kuva munhu anogara munyika isingasviki makore gumi.

Havabatanidzwi sarudzo

Mutemo pamusoro sarudzo anoratidza zvimwe ezvinhu inorambidza kodzero dzokuvhota vemunyika vose kodzero zvavo, uyewo pusa uye tichishingaira zvinoriumba izvozvo. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vari munzvimbo yezve rusununguko, izvo kureva mutongo, uye dare akawana sagona. Limited nomutemo kukwanisa kuvhota angava. Not akabvumira sarudzo veko kuzvitonga sezvo vavhoti vanhu vari pabasa muchiuto masangano, masangano uye uto dzakabatana iri munharaunda yacho Municipality, kana mauto pamberi pehondo akanga pane nzvimbo yokugara.

Hazvigoni kusarudzwa vagari vatorwa vane kodzero imwe nyika, imomo mvumo kana zvimwe chero gwaro iyo inosimbisa kodzero wechigarire kugara imwe nyika dzokumwe mumwe mugari. Havagoni kutora hurumende kuposita munhu, kana pachinhu icho pane sarudzo dare kuti anomutorera kodzero iyi, mhosva mhosva dzakakomba uye vane zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda kunoshamisa kana kare mhosva, mitongo uye wakati kare mhosva hurumende, uyewo. Hahugoni kusarudzwa President vanhu, iye akabata chinzvimbo ichi kuti akatevedzana mazwi maviri.

mamwe kurambidzwa

Pahwaro reMitemo, yeUnited mutemo, mutemo Federation kana kuminisiparati uye mamwe kurambidzwa unosimbiswa inobvumira munhu kubata hofisi paruzhinji chete kuisa kuwanda akatevedzana mazwi muhofisi chete. MP chinzvimbo hazvigoni pamwe basa imwe basa. MP anogona kusarudzwa, asi nokufamba kwenguva anosungwa kurega mabasa kuti hakufaniri pamwe yayo itsva hweHIV. Freedom uye vagari 'kodzero havabvumirwi nemutemo yeUnited chete kusvika riri zvakakodzera kuti kudzivirirwa yepamutemo kurongeka, utano, tsika, kodzero uye chepamutemo zvinhu kwenzanga, kuitira National kuchengeteka uye kudzivirira mamiriro.

Pezvaunorambidzwa pamusoro vemo kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa izvi zviri kwakunoitwa nesarudzo murairo zvirimowo muBumbiro reMitemo uye mitemo ano. Kumboda mutemo uku kuchengetwa. Kana mamiriro achabvumira incapacitated vagari Somuenzaniso, kuumba bato uye kuitawo nenyika, ipapo kuti State pacharo kungava sagona, saka achifumura uye tsika, uye kuchengeteka vagari, uyo akati muBumbiro reMitemo. mabhuku Scientific pane rokuti "mutemo" kazhinji anoshandisa izwi rokuti "kodzero", kunyange ndicho chete, chete shoko "kodzero" iri kupfuura anowanzoshandisirwa munhau, sezvo vachiti nhasi iri pamusoro kuitwa pakati nesarudzo mutemo, izvo wakateya kwete nokufunga nezvesayenzi, asi pahwaro mutemo. Chinokosha kuti vagari kuvhota riri akamira vakaenzana uye vane akafanana zvinhu (kubva pamutemo nemaonero Chokwadi).