Kubatsira uye kuipa kwemusika. Market Economy muRussia

Nyika dzakawanda dzenyika dziri kuvaka dzimba dzezvemari pamisika yemisika. Nyika dzakawanda dzakakwanisa kuumba simba guru, rinokwikwidzana. Vamwe vari kuchinja kune iyo. Ko mushamba wekusununguka unoshanda sei? Ndeipi basa rehurumende mukuvandudzirwa kwayo?

Chii chisingatengeswi?

Maererano neshoko rinowanzoitwa, mushamba wekusununguka inzira yehukama hunoenderana nehutongi hwekugadzirisa hutano pakati pevadzidzisi vanobudisa zvinhu uye mabasa nevaya vanozvitenga. Zvinhu zvayo zvakakosha zvinodhura, kuda, kupa. Nhamba yezvikamu zviviri zvekupedzisira inogadzirisa zviyero zvekutanga.

Misika yacho inoumba rudzi rwehupfumi, iyo inowanzopikisana nehurongwa hwakarongeka hwekusunganidzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika. Mairi, uyewo, mitero yakadaro semutengo, kupa uye kuda, zvikurukuru kutonga nyika.

Pros uye hurombo hwehupfumi hwemarike

Ndezvipi zvakakosha uye kukanganisa kwemusika, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwezvemari? Nyanzvi dzinofunga nezvezvinhu zvakawanda:

- kukwirira kwakanyanya mune zvekupararira kwehupfumi hwevanhu;

- kugadzikana kwehupfumi kuti zvive zvisina kumira kunze;

- kukurumidzira kwekutsvaga zvigadzirwa zvezvesayenzi uye zvekambani;

- mikana yekuzvipira, kushambadzira;

- kupindura kwehupfumi kune zvinodiwa zvevanhu.

Kunewo kusagadzikana. Kukanganisa kwemusika kunosanganisira:

- kunyanya kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda;

- ngozi dzehupenyu hwevanhu (kusashaya basa, matambudziko);

- nharaunda inofungidzira yefesheni dzakawanda.

Panguva imwe chete, nehutano hwakakwana hwehurumende, izvi zvisingabatsiri zvakanyanya kushandiswa. Munyika dzakawanda, zvinhu zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvinowanzoenderana nemakethe kukundikana. Muenzaniso umo masimba emasimba anobatanidzwa mumakambani matsva anowanzotumidzwa sehuwandu hwehupfumi. Mukuita, inoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzemazuva ano. Marike yekusununguka mumutauro wayo wakachena munyika ipi zvayo munyika nhasi, vaongorori vanotenda, haisipo.

Market nehurumende

Funga kuti hurumende inogona sei kuitisa mumari yepamusika. Kupindira nezviremera kunogona kuitwa pamatanho maviri makuru. Yokutanga ndiyo masangano. Munharaunda yaro, hurumende inoitisa kunyanya mutemo uye mutemo wemari, iyo yakawanda inopindirana nevepasi rose (iyo inenge inongoda chete muhutongi hwezviremera). Danho rechipiri ndechokubatanidzwa kwehurumende munharaunda yehupfumi. Ikozvino, apo zviremera mune zvimwe kana zvimwe zvikamu "zvinotsiva" bhizinesi. Mune zvikamu zvipi zvehupfumi hwenyika ino hurumende inonyanya kuita basa rinokosha? Nyanzvi dzinoona zvinotevera:

- Marikiti yemari nemabhangi;

- Kutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika;

- dzidzo, utano, hurumende.

Mumushambadzi wezvokutengeserana, basa rehurumende pakutanga rokutanga rinowedzera kuderedzwa kugadzirisa kugoverwa kwemari. Pachipiri - kukurudzira kuzadzikiswa kwezvinhu zvinotarisirwa mune zvehupfumi zvehumwe hutano hwevanhu, pane dzimwe nguva - mutemo wekugovera uye kuda. Izvi zvose zvinoitika sei mukuita? Funga nezvezvakafanana.

Ihurumende semutongi

Pamusoro pehutano hwehutano, humwe hutungamiri hwehurumende huri mutero (uye huripo mari - basa, kubhadhara mari yevanhu, etc.). Kusimudza nekuderedza mitero inofanana, kuvanetsa kana kuunza zvitsva, zviremera zvinotungamirira kugoverwa kwemari pakati pebato rega rega uye bhajeti.

Rimwe rutivi rwekukwanisa kwakakwana kwehurumende ndeyemari yemari. Masimba emagetsi, kunyanya mumunhu weCentral Bank uye nematare ehurumende anotarisirwa, anotarisira nyaya dzekubhadhara mari, kugadziriswa kwekukweretesa kwemari, kukonzera kushambadzirwa kune imwe nyika yemakethe, nezvimwewo. Izvi zvinorevawo kugadziriswa kwenyika.

Ihurumende sechinhu chebhizimisi

Chechipiri nzira iyo hurumende inobatanidzwa mumabasa ehupfumi sekuti yaiva bhizinesi rebhizimisi. Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika, hurumende yehurumende (iyo iyo mahurumende ane avo vakawanda vanogoverana muzvikamu kana mari inogamuchirwa) kugadzira zvinhu, kupa zvibvumirano, kubhadhara mitero.

Nenzira imwe neimwe, zvivako zvehurumende zvinoshandisa mutengo, semuenzaniso, kukwanisa kukwikwidzana nedzimwe nhengo dzebhizimisi. Kukosha kweiyo nzira inogona kuva, sechinhu chisarudzo, mukukurudzira mabhizinesi ega ega kuti aite zvinoenderana nemagariro evanhu. Muenzaniso wakajeka ibhengi. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti chikwereti chakakura zvikuru uye masangano emari muRussia anobva pakurongeka kweguta ravo ndeyehurumende. Saizvozvowo, hurumende, painoshandisa mamwe maitiro mubhizinesi rebhizimisi rayo, inobata zvisingaiti kuti mabhengi ega ega avadzoke kana kuti kupa dzimwe nzira dzokukwikwidza. Nenzira ipi?

Maitiro ehupfumi ehurumende

Izvi zvinogona kufunganya, somuenzaniso, iyo yehutori. Kana mabanho ehurumende achikwidza mibairo yevashandi, ipapo zvivako zvemari zvekodzero zvichamanikidzwa kuita zvakafanana. Saizvozvowo - muzinga webasa. Kana vanhu vari mubhandi rehurumende vari nani kushandiswa kupfuura mubhangi rega, haana chikonzero chekushandisa pane dzimwe nguva kune yechipiri. Somugumisiro, urongwa hwebasa huchawedzera kwose kwose. Pamusoro peizvi taona kuti zvinobatsira pamusika zvinosanganisira kuvaka nzira yekuchengetedza vanhu vevanhu. Munyaya yehurumende inopindira, izvi zvinogona kuteverwa zvakajeka.

Maitiro emaketeni emari

Chii chiri chimiro chehupfumi hwemashamba? Kunyanya, yakagadziriswa pamusana pezvakakosha zvezvinhu zvinotungamirira zvezvidzidzo mazviri, pamwe chete nezvinoitwa nehukama pakati pavo. Ngationgororei zvose izvozvo, uye imwe. Iko mari yekutengesa muRussia uye dzimwe dzakawanda nyika dzinotakura nyika munyika dzinomiririrwa nezvikamu zvinotevera zvezvikamu:

- vadzidzisi vemabhizimisi uye mapoka ega ega;

- mabhizimisi ehurumende;

- vashandi vakashandira avo, chaizvoizvo, vanotengesa basa ravo senhare;

- mabhangi;

- vatengi (misha).

Nekudaro, imwe neimwe yemhando dzepamusoro dzehurukuro dzinoiswa muhuwandu hwakawanda hwezvikamu. Somuenzaniso, vatengesi uye masangano ega ega, uyewo mabhizimisi ehurumende, vanoita zvikamu zvakasiyana:

- Makambani;

- kutengeserana;

- maitirwo.

Uyewo, imwe neimwe yezvikamu zvakare inoparadzaniswa mune zvimwe zvikamu.

Ndezvipi zviri pasi apa izvo mabasa ehupfumi hwemakethe anogona kunyatsogadziriswa? Nyanzvi dzinodana izvo zvinotevera.

Ubhadha chinhu

Sangano reMugove wePamusoro nderimwe chirevo icho vazhinji vanoongorora vanoona sechinhu chinokosha. Chero chigadzirwa, marimi, marati (izvo zvinoreva, izvo, chaizvoizvo, zvinokonzera mari) zvinofanira kuva mune zvemabhizimisi. Chero bedzi munyaya iyi anokwanisa kunzwa ari muchengeti wese muchengeti wega. Chimwe chikonzero chinowirirana neimba ndechokuti kuwanikwa kwemitemo yepamutemo yekudzivirirwa kwayo. Izvi zvinokosha kubvira pakuona kwekusimudzira kwehupfumi hwehurumende. Mune dzimwe nyika dzakagara dzichizadzisa kuchinja kune hupfumi hwemakethe, pfuma yega yega yakanga iripo, asi nzira dzekudzivirira dzakanga dzisina kunaka, nekuda kwekushaya mitemo. Chaizvoizvo, ichi ndicho chirevo chinotevera.

Zviito zvepamutemo

Mabasa ehupfumi hwemarike inogona kuzadzika zvizere chete nemutemo wakakwana. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoratidza kukosha kwechirevo ichi, takatsanangurwa pamusoro apa - kuchengetedzwa kwepfuma yega yega kunokosha. Imwe, inoda kunyatsogadziriswa kwepamutemo, ndeyehukama hwepamutemo.

Mabhizimisi anopedzisa zvibvumirano - nedzimwe mabhizimusi, nevagari venyika, nevatambi vemarudzi ose. Unhu hwekushandira pamwe hunoenderana nekusununguka kwezvinyorwa zvezvibvumirano zvakakwanisa zvingave zvevanamabhizimisi, zvichibva pamutemo. Kuchengetedzawo chinhu chinokosha (muzvinabhizimisi anofanirwa kunzwa kuti kuzadzika kwemashoko echibvumirano neimwe chikamu kunotsigirwa nemitemo yepamutemo).

Market infrastructure

Chikamu chechitatu chikamu chemakambani. Uyu ndiwo mazano akanaka. Kazhinji, nyanzvi dzinosanganisira maitiro akadai sokuti, somuenzaniso, kubhengi, kubhadhara chikwereti, kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi. Ikozvino, mabhizimusi ega ega anofanirwa kuve nekukwanisa kuenzana kwezvinhu zvekugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa kwezvigadzirwa nemabasa.

Zvose izvi zvitatu zvinotarisirwa hazvirevi mazita akazara. Zvisinei, vose zvavo vakaratidza kushanda kwavo mune zvakaitika kare. Izvo nyika dzakagadziridza kuhupfumi hwemarike, kunyanya avo vaiva nhengo dzeiyo yekare yevanhu, vakaronga kufamba kwakakodzera kubva kune imwe nzira kuenda kune imwe, vachishanda mumatatu aya.

Misika uye kukwikwidzana

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvehupfumi hwekusununguka ndekukwikwidza. Ndiye, sevanyori vezvemari vanotenda, vanofananidza zvakawanda zvezvakanaka zvemusika, izvo zvatakazviona pakutanga kwechinyorwa chacho. Kana pane kukwikwidza mune imwe nzvimbo, saka inonyanya kugadzirisa kutengesa kwekutengeserana kwezvinhu zvinoenderana nemabasa, unhu hwavo, manufacturability, mararamiro evanhu, nezvimwewo. Kana zvisipo, zvino zvingaita kuti vatengesi vagadzire matongerwo evanhu Zvigadzirwa zvayo uye maitirwo, izvo zvingavewo zvehurombo hwakanaka.

Pane imwe pfungwa inonakidza yekuona pamusoro pemakwikwi. Inofunga kuti pasi shoma yekukwikwidzana mune izvi kana zvikamu izvi zvakanaka. Sei? Ichokwadi ndechokuti izvi zvinopa mabhizimisi mukana wekuunza kumusika zvinhu zvitsva zvakakwana uye maitirwo. Hazvisi zvakanyanya kuti uwane niche isina chinhu, kuti yakawanda sei kukurudzira kubuda kwezvitsva, zvisati zvisiripo. Mukukwikwidzana kwemakwikwi, uyewo, mabhizimisi anonyanya kunetseka nekuderedza mari, kubatsira, kuitira kukwanisa kupikisana nemakwikwi. Uye saka iyo itsva inogona kupiwa kwete kunyanya kutarisa. Zvichida nokuti bhizimusi ringasave neyo nzira yekushandisa imwe nguva itsva yekushanda.

Pane izwi rakadai se "kukwikwidzana kwakakwana". Chii ichocho? Ndezvipi zvakanakira uye kukanganisa kwemakwenzi emakwikwi akakwana? Ngationgororei nyaya iyi muchidimbu.

Kukwikwidza kwakakwana

Tichifunga nezvezvinobatsira uye kusagadzikana kwemusika, takabata panyaya ino sechinhu chinonyanya kukoshesa mumabasa emabhizimisi. Izvi zvinorevei? Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti firms iri kuedza kusavandudza bhizimisi ravo, asi yekuvaka nzira dzekuwedzera mari, uyezve zvakare, munguva shomanana inogoneka, chero zvakashata. Nokukwikwidzana kwakakwana, mukana uyu kune vashandi vanoita zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika zero. Sei?

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nemakwikwi akakwana mumusika panguva imwecheteyo pane nhamba huru kwazvo yevatambi mune imwe nzvimbo. Izvi zvinoreva, kubudisa zvinhu zvakafanana kana kupa humwe hutano. Sezvo mutemo, kubatsirwa kweumwe neumwe wemabhizimisi anoshanda munzvimbo yakadaro haisi yakakwirira. Panguva imwecheteyo, zviri nyore kwazvo kuvashambadziri vatsva kupinda mumusika wakadaro - "kunopisa", pane zvinoda. Zvisinei, pane zvese pasina mikana yekufungidzira. Kuti ribvise mari yakawanda, zvakakosha hazvirevi kuti zvigadziridze mitemo yekugadzirisa mari inotenderera, kuti yakawanda sei kushanda pakuvandudza hutsika hwezvinhu nehutano, kuvandudza kusangana nevatengi uye vatengesi kuitira kuti kuderedza mari.

Pane kune muganhu kune hukuru hwemakwikwi here?

Kukwikwidzana kwakakwana hakusi kungofanirwa kunobatsira. Uye kune kukanganisa kwemusika unoshanda mukati mekugadzirisa nzira dzakadaro. Zvinonyanya kuchinja hutano hwevanhu. Kana mune imwe kana imwe chikamu chehupfumi pane kukwikwidza kwakakwana, saka, kutanga, inonyanya kuisa chiratidzo chekuzadza kwakakwana mumusika kubva pakatarisana nemabasa. Vanhu vachangobva kuwana basa mukutsvaga vangawana matambudziko mukuwana basa. Izvi zvinowirirana zvakanyanya nemumwe - mubhadharo. Nekukwikwidza kwakakwana, sekutonga, haina kukura. Zvichida nokuti makambani haana mukana wekuwedzera - mari yose isina mari inotengeswa kuti igadzirise chigadzirwa kana basa.

Chiitiko chekuzadza

Nokudaro, takakurukura zvose zvinobatsira uye zvisingabatsiri pamusika wekambiso yakachena, kana yakakwana. Panguva imwecheteyo, inofanira kuonekwa kuti kuenzaniswa kwayo inzira pane zvisikwa kupfuura zvinotongwa. Nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare, chikamu chipi zvacho chebhizimisi chinozara nevatambi. Somuenzaniso, mumakore ekutanga, hutengo hwemakethe muRussia hwakaratidzwa nehutsika hwakanyanya hwekukwikwidzana, huzhinji mumatambudziko akawanda nemitengo uye, semugumisiro, kukwanisa kunobatsira kwebhizimisi. Iye zvino mune zvikamu zvakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Mabhizimisi akava mazhinji, mitengo yakadzikama, kubatsirwa kwemasangano kwakaderera. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumatambudziko mazhinji hutsika yezvigadzirwa nemabasa zvakare yakawedzerwa. Nenzira yakawanda, hupfumi hwepasi rose, misika yepasi - kana tikataura pamusoro pehurumende umo kune mamiriro ekushanda kwehupfumi hwehupfumi - Ndinokura mukati mehutano hwemaitiro akafanana.