Kudenhwa kwezvaizosarudzwa naIye upfumi. Zvokuimba nokuti upfumi kuti matambudziko

Nhasi tichadzidza kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana mune zvoupfumi kubva maindasitiri akasiyana. The acho achava kubatsira vaya vachangobva kutanga kudzidza zvoupfumi (uye kunyange vaya chete kurifarira), uye vanhu vanotova vanoziva sei kugadzirisa matambudziko uye kuzviita zvakanaka. Mushure zvose, kurovedza hakuna zvakawanda, uye kudzokororwa - amai kudzidza. Asi pamberi chokuratidza, sei kugadzirisa izvi kana kuti dambudziko riri dzezvoupfumi, vachakuudza Ayakaita.

nyaya

Pane sayenzi yose, unonzi "nhoroondo Economic". Inoongorora sei mamiriro ezveupfumi pakati vanhu vakachinja pamusoro nguva uye kuti sayenzi iyi vakava chii tinoona zvino. Kana uchifunga nezvazvo, zvinova pachena kuti zvoupfumi sayenzi kubva munguva dzekare vakatipoteredza. Somuenzaniso, kunyange mumamiriro munzanga paiva vanonzi "ita mutengano" - kureva kuti, vanhu vakachinja zvavo kune imwe pasina kushandisa mari. Zvishoma nezvishoma pane mari nerokuti, reDare nendarama. Kusvikira ikozvino, nyika dzakawanda zvinofungidzirwa matura endarama nerokuti. Chokutanga, goridhe uye dzimwe simbi dzinokosha, akaumbwa kupinda vara, asi zvino muGirisi yekare uye Roma yekare akatanga dzava kugadzira mari yesimbi. Coins kwenguva refu nguva rakakamurwa goridhe, sirivha uye nendarira. Pakupedzisira takasvika currency kuti vari kuona iye zvino.

nemhando matambudziko

Ngationgororei mhando tiri ikozvino, uye ipapo mienzaniso uye nekugadzirisa matambudziko pamusoro upfumi, mhinduro iyo inogona kuwanikwa panoperera nyaya. Chokutanga patichanzwisisa, chii siyana matambudziko. Vari kuzivikanwa nokuda maindasitiri, mune imwe neimwe yayo payakavakirwa kuverenga. Kusiyanisa upfumi zvebhizimisi, basa dzezvoupfumi, zvoupfumi uwandu, macro- uye microeconomics. Ngatimbotaura zvishoma pamusoro maindasitiri izvi zvose.

Chokutanga Ngationgororei chikamu ichi, sezvo upfumi sangano. Zvinetso zvingaitwa unogona kuwana pazasi.

Business dzezvoupfumi

Chikamu Izvi kunyatsotevera akarondedzera makro uye microeconomics. Business Economics inodzidza nemamiriro, kunyanya kurimwa kutenderera, paumbwe wakaiswa yesangano uye kushanda guru, kuva nzira nokuda kugadzirwa zvinonyatsorehwa kurapa sangano anoronga. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha kwemauto iri kuzadzisa kufadza purofiti nemutengo wakaderera, uyewo Optimization okuwana mabasa. Business Economics uyewo kudzidza mabasa kambani nenzvimbo yaro pamusika, ongorora nzira kuwedzera uye kudzikamisa zvakaoma. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kana kugadzirisa matambudziko nezvenyaya iyi.

Kutaura zvazviri, hapana chakaoma kunzwisisa sei upfumi inoshanda sangano. Zvinetso zvinogadzirisa, nenzira, unogona kuwana akaderera zvishoma.

basa dzezvoupfumi

Tinogona kutaura kuti nzvimbo iri subset pamusoro yaimbovapo, asi ichi hachisi chokwadi. Labor Economics aongorora basa pamusika, yave kudzidza kukurukurirana revashandi uye kupinda muchiuto. Izvi zvakare, Chokwadi, chinhu chinokosha nesayenzi kuti anofanira kudzidzwa. Labor Economics basa rinokosha mune zvebhizimisi zvakanaka. Pashure pezvose, pasina vashandi ingasava kugadzirwa nenhumbi.

zvoupfumi nhamba

Chikamu ichi chine pakudzidza Statistical Data uye zvoupfumi kwendangariro. Muchikamu yokungotaura chikamu nhamba hunobva upfumi yokuti uye inoongorora kwemasayendisiti chero nzvimbo achibatsirwa mitemo yayo. It hunonyatsobatana zvoupfumi kuongorora uye socio-wevanotungamirira nhamba.

macroeconomics

Nyaya pakudzidza macroeconomics machechi zveupfumi nyaya uye zviitiko. Rakagadzirirwa kuongorora uye kuziva mapatani mu zviratidzi dzakadai yose yenyika mari, pachiyero mitengo uye basa. Kutaura zvazviri, anosanganisa kwazvo pezvakaitwa uye Anovaratidza zvavo. Saka, mune dzimwe zvikamu kuti zvinetso ingashandiswa macroeconomic kusvika.

microeconomics

Microeconomic ongororo anogona kunzi sechinhu chinotibatsira kutsanangura sei kuti administrative sarudzo kwoupfumi panguva rakadzika chechetere. Kana Macroeconomics anoongorora zvinogadzirisa panguva soro pachiyero Somuenzaniso, panguva mamiriro pamwero, izvozvo anobvumira kuongorora microeconomics pachiyero imwe kambani.

Zvokuimba nekuti Economy

Kugadzirisa matambudziko, tinoda vamwe ruzivo yokungotaura uye Masvomhu. Tinogona kugovera pavo indasitiri chikumbiro, uye tanga zvavakanga vachida kuita upfumi. Ngatitange pamwe profitability chinoratidza. Zvinoratidza kuti vangataura sei mumwe uye avhareji mubereko zvebhizimisi kukosha wakaiswa zvinhu. Mathematically, izvi zvinogona kuitwa sezvo: R = P / SSG. Mhinduro isu vanoitisana zvikamu ane chikwata, uye kana tichida kuwana chikamu profitability, zvakafanira kuwanda kunoguma kukosha kubudikidza 100%. Uyewo, kufunga zvinhu zvakadai guta negoho (Fotd) Fondoomkost (Fomk) uye Fondovooruzhonnost (Fvoor). kukarukureta ravo uyewo haana kuoma: Fotd = N / SSG, apo N - bhuku rokutengesa; Fomk = 1 / Fotd; Fvoor = SSG / Chrab apo "Chrab" - nhamba yevashandi (avhareji).

In Masvomhu dzakawanda, nguva anooneka SSG - avhareji yegore negore mutengo yokushanda guru. Sei kuverenga here? Pane nyore chaizvo inonyatsoita: Cn = SSG + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (M-12) / 12. Ngationgororei kuti mumwe kunyanya kukosha. "C" - ndiye kutanga mutengo yokushanda guru, "SS" - kukosha yesangano vakapinda, "World Cup" - kuwanda kwemwedzi vakapinda kushanda pazvinhu yesangano mugore, "Goodies" - the liquidation ukoshi. Zvinogonekawo kuti kushandisa kwainoita payakavakirwa I mwedzi dzakakudzingai zvinhu zvinoreva: SSG = (CGS-Kishi) / 2. Kishi pano - kwete Commonwealth pakati Independent States, uye kukosha pazvinhu yesangano pakutanga kwegore uye SCG - azvaitwa, panguva kwegore.

Uyewo, tinofanira kuva kuverenga kubva pagore depreciation. It rinowanikwa kubudikidza nzira: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. Depreciation zvazvingava inogona dzaona kubva Masvomhu maviri: H = _Deprec (PDT - LST): (Ap · PDT) sezvamakaropafadzwa PDT - kutanga kukosha pfuma, LST - residual kukosha, An - amortization nguva. Chimwe yemaitiro rinowanikwa nokushandisa upenyu wakaiswa twa: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100%.

More Kutarira inonyatsoita kuti achava unotibatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko basa nemari. The yemaitiro nokuti Pakusarudza ukuru kushanda nevanhu pakupera chero nguva (tora Somuenzaniso, gore) riri sezvinotevera: H = H _{kuguma kutanga} + H ₁ -h ₂ - B _3. W pano _pakutanga - nhamba yevashandi pakutanga kwegore; B ₁ - nhamba yevanhu vakanga vakabatana nokushanda zera; Part ₂ - nhamba yevanhu vakafa munguva; Chikamu ₃ - The Nhamba pamudyandigere anobatwa zera vemo. Panewo inonyatsoita kuti gore negore kweShanduro mushandi: In _god.rab. = In _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab. Ndokupi _chas.rab. - Development nomushandi paawa (dzibvise dzakabatana / munhu-awa.); T - nguva yezuva (awa); T - Mazuva pagore basa; In _v.rab. - nhamba vashandi vanosvika kubasa.

mienzaniso mabasa

Funga dambudziko upfumi zvebhizimisi pamwe mhinduro. Saka, dambudziko nhamba 1: Ziva avhareji yegore negore kukosha pazvinhu yesangano achishandisa nemashoko. Data zvinogadzirisa:

pakutanga kwegore kukosha 15 000 zviuru rubles ..

Mari vakapinda Os: March - 200 zviuru rubles ..

June - 150 zviuru rubles ..

August - 250 zviuru rubles ..

Mari akarega basa Os: February - 100 zviuru rubles ..

October - rubles 300 zviuru ..

Solution: The nzira yokuti upfumi kusangana nematambudziko tiri anobatsira. Tinotarisira ress: (C -C _{kumar kg)} / 2. With _kumar = 15 000 zviuru rubles .; _{To C? G} = 15 000 + 200 + 150 + 250 - 100 - 300 = 15 200 zviuru ..

Zvadaro CCV = (15000 + 15200) zviuru / 2 = 15 100. Rubles. Zvisinei, isu hatingazvirumbidzi kuwana mhinduro yakarurama kwazvo, sezvo ıO Os kwave gogonera rose gore. Regai ngaaverenge ress wokutanga payakavakirwa: SSG = Cn + SS * FM / 12 - Sl * (12-M) / 12 = 15 000 + (200 * 9/12 + 150 * 6/12 + 250 * 4/12) - (100 * 10/12 + 300 * 2/12) = 15 zviuru 175. rubles.

Ngatitaurei anozodzidza imwe basa. Below zvakaoma Mutongo zvebhizimisi upfumi, uye Rakakwanira dzemaitirwe pakati depreciation.
Basa №2:

The kwokutanga mutengo vamwe zvivako sezvo yaJanuary 1 akanga akaenzana 160 zviuru rubles, uye chaiko oparesheni - .. 3 years.

Kunodiwa kuverenga residual kukosha uye depreciation mwero nokuda neromutambo, akapa kuti depreciation akapiwa twasu-mutsetse nzira. The upenyu basa pazvinhu zvinhu anonzi makore 10.

mhinduro:

kupfeka chinhu - uwandu depreciation yose nguva (kureva, 3 years). Saka, cushioning exchange Linear nzira: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. Tsvaga depreciation rate: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100% = (1/10) * 100% = 10%. Zvadaro A = 160 * 10/100 = 16 zviuru. Rubles. Sezvatinoongorora uwandu depreciation wose gore chete, kuti vapfeke mwero makore matatu akaenzana: H = 3 * 16 = 48 zviuru rubles ..

Labor Economics: Anodana kuti sarudzo

Ngatitaurei anozodzidza chimwe chikamu. Takatodzidza akakurukura dambudziko upfumi zvebhizimisi, pamwe zvingaitwa kuti unogona kuverenga pamusoro. Zvino nguva yebasa. Uye wokutanga basa nechisarudzo pamusoro upfumi, iyo tichaona, ichapindura ari kushanda zera vemo.

Basa №1:

Ngaaverenge nhamba akagwinya vemo pakupera kwegore, kana pane mashoko nokuda gore uno:

• uwandu anobatwa zera vemo pakutanga kwegore - vanhu mamiriyoni 60..
• uwandu vanhu vakafa rwekuita-zera vemo - vanhu mamiriyoni 0.25..
• uwandu vechiduku zvasvika gore rino yokushanda zera - vanhu mamiriyoni 2,5..
• uwandu vanhu vanenge pamudyandigere gore rino - vanhu mamiriyoni 1,5 ..

Decision. Saka, tinoshandisa nzira, hatina zvinorondedzerwa pamusoro - CH = CH _{pamusoro magumo} + H ₁ -h ₂ - H = 60 + ₃ 2.5 - 0.25 - 1.5 = 60,750,000 vanhu ..

Kazhinji, izvi ndizvo dambudziko rose nechisarudzo iri basa zvoupfumi. Zvino Ngatimboongororai dambudziko ane goho pagore.

Task №2: Sarudza mashoko wepagore goho pakati mushandi.

Kumusoro takakurukura nzira nokuda kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Zvino yava nguva kurishandisa: In _god.rab. = In _chas.rab. * T * T * Y _v.rab.

Tinoona vose kukosha hurongwa. Kuva kushanda awa asunungurwa panyaya zvakakomba goho nhamba womunhu-kwemaawa, i.e. In _chas.rab. = 3800 / 908,6 = 4,2. Kuti uzive avhareji nguva yezuva, tinofanira kugovera uwandu murume-kwemaawa maererano nokuwanda murume-mazuva. Zvadaro T = 908,6 / 117 = 7,8 maawa. Zvino tinofanira kuwana coefficient T, unova kureba kushanda gore uye rinowanikwa sezvo nhamba vakapedza zviuru murume-mazuva nokuwanda vashandi. Kuti uzive uwandu "agare achingoshanda ', tinofanira kuwedzera basa ravo uwandu vashandi. Pashure paizvozvo, zviri nyore kuti anyore nzira: T = 117 * 1000 / (580 * 0,824) = 244,8 mazuva.

Zvino isu chete vanofanira kuisa zvose tsika dziri nzira. Tinowana: In _god.rab. = 4,2 * 7,8 * 244,8 * 0,824 = 6608,2 den.edin. / Munhu.

Chii chimwe?

Vakawanda vanonetseka: ichi ndiwo yose-siyana nezvinetso zvemari? Ndizvo saka hakunakidzi? Chaizvoizvo, kwete. Just dzakawanda matambudziko kukonzera munzvimbo idzi dzezvoupfumi: zvoupfumi okuwana, panguva iyo mhinduro matambudziko tiri akatarira pakutanga, uye basa zvoupfumi. Kune dzimwe maindasitiri zhinji kudaro, asi sezvo zvakadai hamuna akaoma Masvomhu, uye kakawanda kunyange zvine musoro zvinoita kuti kushandisa imwe kana mumwe mutemo akarongeka. Zvisinei, munhu wose vachabatsirwa kuverenga mabasa ari upfumi nechisarudzo. Nokuti vadzidzi, zvinonyanya kukosha sezvo mukana kuona mhinduro hwezvekukurukurirana zvikuru kunzwisisa dambudziko uye kukurukura nani munhu ayo chaizvo.

Chiizve anogona kuverenga kana poreshat panguva yokufaranuka kuti kunzwisisa nyaya iri nani? Varumbidzwa poreshat basa muunganidzwa Revenko NF kuti vachida upfumi. Uye zvingava zvakanaka kuverenga mabhuku zvikuru kushandiswa pane chero chipi zvacho dingindira.

mhedziso

Economy - munhu akwegura kwazvo uye chinokosha nesayenzi, uye kwemazana emakore zvakanga akapinda ruoko masvomhu. mitemo yayo vanobvumira fanoona nematambudziko, kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu munyika uye zvakafanana. Kana munhu ane ruzivo dzezvoupfumi, hazvingaiti kuti kunyangarika munguva dzenhamo kana munharaunda njodzi zvemari. Kana kuvandudza ruzivo rwavo, vanowanzova kubatsirwa muupenyu uye zvichabatsira kuwedzera mari zvakanaka. Chokwadi, takadzidza chete mienzaniso dambudziko kugadzirisa pamusoro upfumi, uye hazvirevi kuti matambudziko chaivo achatarira seizvi. Zvose muupenyu rinowanzova zvikuru kwakatooma uye dzinovhiringidza. Naizvozvo, kana uchida nguva dzose kuva pamusoro, saka dambudziko riri pamwe Mutongo upfumi kuchakubatsira kwete zvikuru. Zvikuru kukosha kuva vakachenjera.