Kuderedza chinhu chinokosha mashandiro anoita zvipenyu: chiedza, mvura, tembiricha

Chokwadi mumwe nomumwe wedu akaona sei zvirimwa zvakafanana zvipenyu zviri kubudirira mudondo asi akazaruka dzezvimwe unonetsekerei. Kana, somuenzaniso, mamwe marudzi mhuka vane vakawanda, nepo vamwe vari shoma kana zvinhu zvinoita zvakafanana. All upenyu Panyika zvakadaro akachengeta mitemo yayo uye nemirayiro. kudzidza paine hwezvinhu. Chimwe chedzidziso mashoko - Liebig shoma mutemo (vakaomerwa chinhu).

Kuderedza kwezvakatipoteredza chokufunga: chii?

kemisiti German uye muvambi okurima kemisitiri, Professor Justo of Liebig, zvinhu zvakawanda. Chimwe chezvinhu rakakurumbira uye vakaziva - kuwanikwa chinokosha mitemo ikoroji: ari vakaomerwa chinhu. Rakanga akagadzira muna 1840, uye papera vaisanganisa uye generalized Shelford. Murayiro rinoti kuti chero chipenyu muviri rinonyatsooneka chinhu chinoita kuti zvikuru dzikatsauka ayo optimum ukoshi. Nemamwe mashoko, kuvapo chemhuka kana chirimwa kunobva kwokuomerwa (zvishoma kana kunonyanyisa) imwe ezvinhu. Vanhu inowanikwa muupenyu hwake siyana vakaomerwa zvinokonzera.

"Barrel Liebig"

Kuderedza chinhu chinokosha mashandiro anoita zvipenyu, angava akasiyana. Akagadzira mutemo akangoshandisa chaizvo mune zvokurima. Yu.Libih akawana kuti chirimwa negoho kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro chicherwa fuma (inotonhorera), zvikuru zvakaneta anotaurwa pasi. Somuenzaniso, kana ari senitrogen muvhu chete 10% of kwaida zvazvingava, uye phosphorus - 20%, asi chinhu vakaomerwa pave dzose, - kushaya wokutanga nhengo. Saka, pakutanga ivhu anofanira senitrogen fetiraiza. The kunonyanyisa ukoshi uye ainyatsonzwisisa mutemo kwave inorondedzerwa dzinonzi "dhiramu Liebig" (aimiririra pamusoro). Chaizvoizvo Its ndechokuti kana achizadza mugaba mvura inotanga rirege, apo pfupi bhodhi, uye kureba vamwe havana mhosva zvikuru.

mvura

chikonzero ichi ndicho rinoda uye zvinokosha kupfuura zvimwe. Water - hwaro yeupenyu, sezvo kuridza basa rinokosha muupenyu sero rimwe chete uye rose muviri. Kuramba kwayo uwandu kuruoko pamwero - mumwe huru vasiri mashandiro anoita chero chirimwa kana mhuka. Mvura kuva chinhu vakaomerwa kugona kurarama, nokuda gogonera kugovera mvura panyika yose gore. Panguva shanduka, zvinenge zvakawanda dzakashandisa mari kushandisa mvura, nekusangana mumwaka wakaderera kana quiescent. Most zvakasimba chinhu ichi chinoratidzwa murenje Semi-mumarenje, apo zviri kunetsa chaizvo uye nemamwe kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

chiedza

The kuuya rezuva nemwaranzi muchimiro chiedza rinopa zvose pezvakaitwa inokosha munyika. Utachiona zvinokosha wavelength yaro, nguva dzokuteerera, kusimba nemwaranzi. Zvichienderana zviratidzo izvi ingangova yakatorwa nhengo kuti dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Sezvo chinhu rinokutadzisa ariko, zviri simba kunyanya deepwater. Somuenzaniso, anosima ari kudzika 200 M asisiri kudanana. Pamwechete chiedza ino "kushanda" pana zviviri vakaomerwa zvinhu: kumanikidza uye yakachena yevasungwa. Izvi zvinogona yaishora Tropical anofukidza South America, sezvo vazhinji akanakira upenyu ndima.

ambient tembiricha

Hazvina chakavanzika vose vasiri pezvakaitwa mumuviri, zvinoenderana tembiricha kwokunze uye dzakawanda. Navazhinji mhando dzakashandisa munhu nokururamisira yakamanikana siyana (15-30 ° C). Zvikurukuru simba nedoro kunoratidzwa zvinenge dzisiri kukwanisa vakazvimirira kuramba kugara muviri tembiricha Somuenzaniso, nezvinokambaira (zvinokambaira). Mukuita yemhindumupindu vakaumba boka mano kuti kubvumira kuti kukunda shoma chinhu. Saka, kwemvura mvura panguva inopisa ekunze kunzvenga overheating pamusoro zvinomera kunosimudzirwa kuburikidza stomata, mhuka - kuburikidza ganda uye kufema gadziriro, uyewo maitiro (yakavanzwa mimvuri, mumakomba, etc.).

utachiona

The ukoshi yevanhu chinhu hakufaniri kurerutswa. Ekupedzisira emakore mashoma murume kwakaratidzwa nokukurumidza rwokugadzira mberi, kukurumidza kukura indasitiri. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti choutsi mumiviri mvura, ivhu uye mhepo kunge yakawedzera kakawanda. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nemiganhu mumwe kana imwe chimiro, zvinokwanisika chete pashure kuferefeta. Izvi anotsanangura chokwadi kuti kusiyana nomumwe nharaunda kana kumatunhu vakachinja mhiri pamutemo. Utachiona kujaira uye kuchinja, vamwe inotsiviwa nevamwe.

All ichi - huru zvinhu vakaomerwa neupenyu. Kunze izvi, pane vamwe vakawanda kuti vari hazvitomboiti kuti yokuverenga. Mumwe mhando uye kunyange munhu anokosha, saka vakaomerwa zvinhu zvichava zvikuru siyana. Somuenzaniso, nokuti Rainbow rinokosha chikamu okisijeni zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura nezvinomera - the Qualitative uye quantitative Zvinoumba pollinating tumbuyu etc.

All zvipenyu vane zvimwe yokutsungirira pane imwe kana mumwe vakaomerwa chinhu. Vamwe vari yakafara zvakakwana, nepo vamwe - yakatetepa. Zvichienderana parameter ichi uye kusiyanisa eurybionts stenobiont. First akakwanisa kushivirira guru amplitude oscillations dzakasiyana vakaomerwa zvinokonzera. Somuenzaniso, vanhuwo gava vachigaramo zvikuru kubva inowanzorimwa kusvikira-achinaya mvura, mapere, etc. Stenobiont Kusiyana neizvi, vanokwanisa kumira yakamanikana zvikuru nokufamba, zvinosanganisira zvinenge zvose miriwo rainforest.