Kwevafundisi guruu: sezvamunoita uye kushandisa

Clay yakava shamwari upenyu hwevanhu kwenguva yakareba. Wokutanga namira, maererano vanochera matongo, akazviratidza makore 9500 BC. Ake rakagadzirirwa kubva siyana zvinoumba mhuka mavambo. Bone uye mudzira, zvikero hove, uye zviwanikwa Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti vaiva chikuru zvinoumba ari namira vakawanda. Kwevafundisi guruu raiva rakajairika, rakashandiswa vanhu kubva kumuduku kusvikira huru.

Kuunza guruu

A concoction rokudzora zvinhu uye tsvina mhuka anoshandiswa madzibaba edu kusvika remakore rechi20.

Kana sainzi akatanga kukura nokukurumidza, vanhu kuwedzera ruzivo pamusoro yepamusoro uye zvivako nezvinhu uye zvinhu, akatanga kuzviratidza chakagadzirwa kuurongwa pave namira. Wokutanga uyo akagamuchira bvumidzwa nokuda michina yacho guruu vakava Himik Leo Bakelanda. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1901. Uye muna 1909 iye patents akatanga massively kubereka phenol-formaldehyde glues kuva conductivity. Kwevafundisi guruu akazviratidza mukupera thirties - mangwanani 40. wekupedzisira remakore.

Zvino nokuti zvaAtemisi guruu akashandisa yepamusorosoro michina. Process zvakawanda zvoga. Panguva ino chirimwa anogona kuita yose muitiro, kubva kugadzirwa kuti chinu zviine mapepa akanamirwa ake chitaridzi.

The musika ano

Gore negore, makemikari indasitiri unobereka Mabhokisi vanopfuura mamiriyoni 100 mapepa guruu.

Sales turnover nokuti gore vanofungidzirwa chero zvishoma pane $ 10 miriyoni. Manufacturers vanoti kudiwa zvevafundisi guruu haina kukura, asi akatsiga. Changing chimiro umo chigadzirwa kunokurudzirwa. Kune mhando itsva mapenzura, mapepa uye matepi dzakakwirira namira maitiro. Wekumusoro yepamusoro zvigadzirwa zvinoberekwa munyika dzakadaro: South Korea, Russia, Malaysia uye Germany.

Purpose namira

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha chero namira mumiririri - mubatanidzwa hukawanika maviri. Avo akasiyana sezvamunoita uye chinangwa. Vane yakasiyana munhuhwi, ruvara, vari vachiyanikira uye asiri kuomesa. Stationery namira inoshandiswa gluing pepa paperboard pamusoro densities siyana. Uyewo unogona kushandiswa mumhuri zvinangwa.

namira chinoratidza muhofisi:

• Kuomesa.
• Chando nemishonga.
• Transparent kana chena.
• Zvingava emura uye yakasimba.

The mugadziri inofanira kuwana gwaro unhu pamusoro guruu hofisi. The sezvamunoita ari kuongororwa kuti toxicity uye zvaidiwa dzezvakatipoteredza zvinodiwa.

Types mapepa guruu

Guruu imvura mhando: silicate uye PVA guruu hofisi.

Zvinoitwa silicate guruu achibvumira kushandiswa kwayo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. zita rechipiri - mvura rinoonekera. Rinoshandiswa nenzira yenyika upfumi. Nokuti bepa hazvina nyore, zviri zvakasimba anopararira. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, rinoshandiswa zvishoma kakawanda.

Kwevafundisi guruu PVA glues nyore papepa, makadhibhokisi, mapepa. Kudiwa ine yatovapo, zvinonyanya viscous, izvo rinobvumira kushandiswa kudzora kwayo kupararira.

The Kuronga namira nokuda Stationery

Silicate Stationery namira sezvamunoita iyo kunotsanangurwa zita raro, zvino kushandiswa zvikuru rokuvaka. Its chikuru zvinoriumba: a silicate, polysilicates pamusoro lithium, yavaibvisa uye potassium. Zvinoitika chete iri mvura.

Kwevafundisi guruu PVA ane inopangidza: polyvinyl acetate. It chinhu aqueous mhinduro yacho chete kuwedzera imwe plasticizer uye kunatsiridza yokuvirisa. Uyezve, pane guruu hofisi hwakasimba. sezvamunoita Its anogona siyana inokosha fuma. Izvi zvinogona kuva polyvinyl acetate (PVA) kana polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVA guruu rinogona pezvitsiga akawanda dzaanofanira simba raro;

1. Universal;

2. Super Extra.

Zvokushandisa muhofisi vanofanira giredhi rokutanga. Super Extra inogona kushandiswa pakugadzira midziyo uye kuvakwa.

siyana Mabhokisi

Kwevafundisi guruu anotengeswa munyika dzakasiyana-siyana kavha. The mvura namira iri mumapepa mu hombodo dzemvura hukuru siyana. Musiyano mukuru - inzira kumicheto uye chivharo.

Super - chivharo rakamanikana, elongated, sunungura chivharo. Guruu rinoshandisirwa pamusoro achishandisa chivharo.

Chivharo - mumakwenzi rinoshandiswa kakawanda muhombodo pamwe silicate guruu.

Zviri nyore kuti kushandisa namira zvokunwa kusachinja-chinja.

Chivharo - Dhadha anoyeuka chete makuru super-chivharo ane vakwanise buri.

Clay - Stationery pencils zvino vakawanda mumwe. Ndiye zvikuru yokuita kushandisa. Vakashandisa nyore, hazvirevi kupararira, zviri mari, ane kwazvo namira ehupfumi.

Namira mwaya - imwe mhando itsva mapepa guruu, izvo zvinobatsira micheto yekapepa katsva aka huni, furo uye simbi.

Kushandisa pepa guruu pamba

Vanhu vanowana nzira vachiri dzakawanda kushandisa guruu hofisi. Magadzirirwo kubvumira akasiyana kushandisa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. We inotevera sei unogona vachiri kushandisa silicate guruu kana PVA guruu.

Silicate guruu kana mvura girazi - imwe pfuma rinoshandiswa rokuvaka. Chinangwa chikuru kushandiswa - mvura.

Variants kushandisa silicate namira.

• Chiri akawedzera kupinda pendi kuti pamadziro. Chatinopiwa nemishonga.
• Treatment vemasvingo uriri muimba yokugezera kuti Simbiso.
• Rinoshandiswa kuti mvura nheyo.
• Added kuumba uye kongiri kuti vawane zvitsva muchiso mhinduro.
• Shandisa nokuti zvaAtemisi chaiyo putty izvo kujeka kuti pombi mvura.
• jira akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya achava nesimba unodzivirira zvinhu.
• Chikwata zvakaipa kuchekerera pamakwenzi nzvimbo uye kudzivirira mabhakitiriya anokuvadza.
• Vakafukidza kudzivirirwa kubva pakunzwisisa ultraviolet nemwaranzi.
• Unoshandiswa vashambemo ndiro tsvina uye nomumakango.

Pave nokubviswa chemubhotoro kubva hari uchishandisa silicate namira.

Nenzira iyi, anoshandiswa vanambuya vedu uye mukuru-vanambuya. Zvakakodzera kutora simbi mbiya kana guru pani. In payo nokudira chubhu silicate namira. Kuti kuwedzera vose pani uye pakavha. Kukwanisa kupfeka moto uye mota. Chishamiso, pamwe ndiro kuuya kubvisa zvose kabhoni deposits. Mushure nhumbi zvose zvinofanira kumboshamba kwazvo pasi pemvura. Pane yakafanana yokubika pamwe kuwedzera sipo uye pasoda nedota.

PVA guruu chiri aizivikanwa navavaki uye midziyo Vagadziri.

Variants kushandisa PVA guruu.

• Kushandiswa apo vanoungana fenicha.
• Well awane kapeti pasi.
• Nhungamiro kana kugadzira ari linoleum.
• Kushandiswa gluing usina kukonekita.
• Zvichava runobatsira pasting wallpaper.
• Kuwedzera lähikuva uye filler mumvura anotsanangura pendi.

PVA guruu awana kukurumbira nokuda kwayo kuvasiri toxicity, moto, mukuru Muitiro unobatanidza vanokwanisa uye nyore. Vanogona micheto yekapepa katsva aka bepa, dehwe, girazi, jira, mapurasitiki, simbi.