Mabasa Gorky: a ndandanda. Bamba Gorky: mangwanani uchidanana mabasa

Munyori mukuru Russian Bamba Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) akaberekerwa March 16, 1868 mu Nizhny Novgorod - akafa June 18, 1936 mu Gorki. Achiri muduku, "Ndakaenda kuna vanhu", nemashoko ake. Akararama zvakaoma, airara muzvitangwena pakati ainetsa, vachidzungaira, kwedzimwe neapo chimedu chechingwa. Iye akabata ndima yakakura, akashanyira Don, muUkraine, muna Volga mudunhu, muSouth Bessarabia, kuCaucasus uye Crimea.

kutanga

Vobatanidzwa munzanga uye zvematongerwo enyika, nokuti kwaakashandisa kakawanda asungwa. Muna 1906 akaenda kunze kwenyika, kwaakabereka inobudirira kunyora mabasa avo. Pakazosvika 1910, Gorky akazivikanwa, basa rake zvikuru. Pakuvamba, muna 1904, takatanga kusiya nyaya dzinonetsa, uye ipapo bhuku "The Kushungurudzwa". Mabasa Gorky enyika vanofarira uye voruzhinji. Vamwe vavo vaifunga kuti munyori iri vakasununguka inobata kuitika munyika. All kuti akanyora Bamba Gorky, anoshandira yemitambo kana journalistic essays, nyaya pfupi, kana multi-nyaya, resonated uye akanga kunowanzoguma Anti-hurumende mienzanisiro. Panguva 1st World War, munyori akatora pachena Anti-militarist pezvaaitsigira. Revolution pamusoro 1917, gore akasangana nechido, uye furati yake Petrograd ikava turnout enyika. Kazhinji, Bamba Gorky, vane mabasa zvatowedzera kukamura uchishandisa, amakavaitira wongororo basa rake kuitira kuti vadzivise nokusanzwisisana.

mhiri

Muna 1921, munyori vakandowanikwa kumwe varapwe. Mumakore matatu, Bamba Gorky aigara Helsinki, muPrague uye Berlin, akabva atamira Italy uye akagara Sorrento. Ikoko akatanga Bhuku netsamba dzake pamusoro Lenin. Muna 1925 akanyora kuti yokufungidzira "The Artamonov Business". All mabasa Gorky panguva iyoyo vakanga politicized.

Kudzokera Russia

1928 akava pakachinja Gorky. At kukokwa Stalin, akadzokera Russia uye rose mwedzi inofamba muguta neguta, nevanhu, tinyatsoziva nokubudirira mune indasitiri, achitarisa mugovanisi kuvakwa hwapedyo. Ipapo Bamba Gorky akasiya kuItaly. Zvisinei, mune inotevera (1929), munyori kamwe zvakare kusvika Russia uye nguva ino vakashanyira Solovki Special Purpose Camp. Anodzokorora saka anobva zvakanaka chaizvo. On rwendo urwu Gorky vanotaurwa Alexander Solzhenitsyn mu yokufungidzira yake "The Gulag Archipelago."

The yokupedzisira kudzoka munyori muSoviet Union kwakaitika muna October 1932. Kubvira nguva Gorky anogara aimbova neimba Ryabushinsky musi Spiridonovka, panguva dacha yake Gorki, uye anoenda pazororo muCrimea.

First Congress of Writers

Kwapera nguva yakati, munyori anogamuchira enyika Zvinorayirwa Stalin, uyo akamuita kwegadziriro 1st Congress of Soviet Writers. In chiedza chikumbiro ichi, Bamba Gorky anosika mumapepanhau mitsva uye magazini, kunobereka nhevedzano mabhuku nhoroondo mafekitari Soviet, hondo yevagari uye zvimwe zviitiko reSoviet kumwedzi. Panguva iyoyowo akanyora mutambo "Yegor Bulychev Vamwe", "inosvika uye nevamwe." Vamwe mabasa Gorky, akanyorwa nezvake, vakanga rinoshandiswawo kwegadziriro First Congress of Writers, kwakaitika muna August 1934. At reCongress, kunyanya achitaurirwa zvinhu zvesangano, akasarudzwa remangwana utungamiriri Union of Soviet Writers, akasika mabhuku zvikamu kubudikidza Genre. mabasa Gorky kunoita akateerera panguva 1st Congress of Writers Zvisinei, iye akasarudzwa sachigaro bhodhi. Yose zvayo, chiitiko chacho chainzi kubudirira, uye Stalin pachake akatenda Maksima Gorkogo pabasa rake zvibereko.

kukurumbira

Gorky, ane mabasa kwemakore akaita kukakavadzana zvinovava pakati intelligentsia, akaedza kutora chikamu muhurukuro mabhuku ake uye kunyanya kuti mitambo. Nguva nenguva munyori kupinda munhandare yemitambo, kwaaigona vazvionere kuti vanhu havasi hanya nebasa rake. Zvirokwazvo vakawanda munyori Bamba Gorky, vane mabasa kunonzwisiswa vanhuwo murume, akava nemunhu ane upenyu hutsva. Theater vakawanda vakaenda anoratidza kakawanda, ndaverengazve bhuku.

Early basa da Kunorwadza

munyori basa inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu akawanda. Mabasa Gorky vepakutanga vane kudanana, kunyange nekunzwisisa. Havana vakanzwa Rigidity enyika manzwiro, izvo akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya zvapedzisira nyaya enganonyorwa munyori.

munyori yake yokutanga pfupi nyaya "Makar Chudra" - a yechiGypsy anopfuurawo rudo. Kwete imhute kuti "rudo yasvika uye aenda", asi nekuti akazosvika chete chete usiku, pasina rimwe ikabatwa. Ndakagara rudo ari nemvura isingatsiki muviri. Zvino musikana wacho afa ari mumaoko watinoda afa anozvikudza wechigypsy Parliament, ichiteverwa pachake loiko zobar - nechikepe pamwe mhiri kudenga, ruoko noruoko.

Terrific nyaya, zvinoshamisa rondedzero. Nyaya "Makar Chudra" akanga kwemakore akawanda pakuva Maksima Gorkogo, kugara nzvimbo yokutanga mu "mabasa Gorky mangwanani."

Writer zvikuru basa zvibereko hwake. Early basa kudanana Kunorwadza - dzakatevedzana nyaya, vanhu vaiva Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache nevamwe.

A pfupi nyaya akakwirira zvokunamata kunoita unoshamisika. "Chelkash" - nyaya zvake, akatakura yakakwirira aesthetic pfungwa. Kutiza musha, vagrancy, rakabatanidzwawo mhosva. Kuonana vaviri - mumwe aidaro zvakazara, imwe nyaya kutungamirira. Shanje, kusavimbana, chido kuzvininipisa subservience, kutya uye subservience Gavrila inoshora ushingi, nechivimbo, rudo rusununguko Chelkash. Zvisinei Chelkash vanhu hakudi, kusiyana Gavrila. Romantic pathos zvakanyatsobatana inosuruvarisa. Description yezvakaita nyaya iri yakafukidzwa chifukidzo dzorudo.

Munyaya "Makar Chudra", "Old Isergil" uye pakupedzisira, mu "The Rwiyo Nezvorukodzi" akatsvaka vavariro "upengo vakashinga." Munyori anoisa vevatambi vari ezvinhu akaoma, uye ipapo, pasina pfungwa, zvichiita kuti okupedzisira. Themes nemabasa dzinonakidza kumunyori mukuru, kuti nyaya iri nezvimwewo.

Artwork Gorky "Old Isergil" chinosanganisira akawanda zvikamu. The chimiro nyaya yake yokutanga - mwanakomana segondo uye mukadzi, unopinza, achishamisika Larry akapa noudyire, sevasingakwanisi dzakakwirira manzwiro. Anzwa Bamba kuti vanotozvikuvadza kuti kubhadhara chinhu kuti akatora vamwe vakaratidza kusatenda, achiti kuti "tinoda kuramba asina kumbokuvadzwa." Vanhu vakaramba izvozvo, vakatongerwa kusurukirwa. Kudada Larry aiva dzinouraya kwaari.

Danko kwete zvishoma vanozvikudza, asi anoreva vanhu vane rudo. Naizvozvo anobereka rusununguko vaifanira mumutende vedzinza. Pasinei nokutyisidzirwa pamusoro vasina chokwadi kuti anokwanisa kutungamirira rudzi primeval dondo, muduku mutungamiri inopfuurira nzira, achidhonza vanhu pamwe. Zvino mauto vose vaiva pamusoro kutapudzika, uye dondo hazvirevi kuguma, Danko akabvarura chipfuva chake, akatora pomoto mwoyo uye murazvo dzakavhenekera nzira kuti akavafambisa kuti kundoongororwa. Vasingatendi vomunyika, kupukunyuka kuti rusununguko, kwete kutarira kunyange yakananga Danko, kana adonha uye akafa. Vanhu vakatiza, akamhanya tsikwa unopfuta mwoyo uye anopararira yebhuruu nezvitsiga.

Romantic mabasa Gorky akasiya zvisingafi chiratidzo mumwoyo mangu. Vaverengi tsitsi magamba, iyo unpredictability pebindu unochengeta makakatanwa, uye nekuguma kazhinji zvisingatarisirwi. Kunze kudanana mabasa Gorky akasiyana zvikuru yetsika unobtrusive, asi zvinoita here kushamisika.

The Musoro rusununguko nomumwe kunodzora mukutanga mabasa munyori. Magamba Gorky rusununguko-rudo uye vakagadzirira kupa upenyu hwake kuti kodzero yekusarudza zvinozoitika muupenyu hwavo pachavo kunyange.

Nhetembo "Kufa uye Maiden" - muenzaniso wokuzvipira muzita rudo wakajeka. Young, azere upenyu iye kubata norufu, nokuti mumwe usiku rudo. Iye akagadzirira kufa pasina akazvidemba mangwanani, chete kusangana zvakare wako kufarira.

King, uyo anofunga pachake zvose-simba, dooms musikana rufu chete nokuti, kudzoka kubva kuhondo, kwindi uye haana kufanana naye kufara kuseka. Rufu akazorega Love, akanga achiri mupenyu uye "dzakaondoroka ane jeko," akanga atova pairi haruna simba.

Romanticism ari wo "Rwiyo Stormy Petrel." Proud shiri akasununguka, rwakaita mheni dema, ukabatwa pakati pfumbu mubani gungwa uye makore yakarembera pamusoro remafungu. Regai dutu ikamuka simba, akashinga shiri akagadzirira kurwa. A Penguinkuva kunokosha kuviga mutumbi mafuta ari mawere, ane akasiyana nemafungiro kurutivi dutu - zvisinei minhenga sei zvakakangwa.

Man mumabasa Gorky raMwari

Special, anokunyengedzera zvepfungwa Maksima Gorkogo ari nyaya yake vose nguva dzose basa huru basa munhu uyu. Kunyange mutizi gwatya, flophouse vatambi, uye vari akapa munyori sezvo anoremekedzwa vemo, pasinei nokutambura kwavo. Murume ari mabasa Gorky akaisa nechemberi, zvose zviri yechipiri - zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa, mamiriro ezvinhu enyika, kunyange nezviito miviri ehurumende vari necheseri.

Gorky novella "Childhood"

Munyori inotiudza upenyu mukomana Aleshi Peshkova, sokunge ari yayo nokuda. Cheerless nyaya rinotanga norufu baba vake namai vake rufu kumugumo. Kusiyiwa nherera, mukomana akanzwa kubva sekuru vake, zuva pashure ramai vake mariro: "Iwe hausi mumwe menduru pamutsipa wangu yokuturika waisafanira ... Enda-Ka imi vanhu ...". Uye akadzinga.

Saka chinoguma basa "Uduku" Gorky vake. Uye pakati yaiva makore mashoma oupenyu mumba sekuru vake, kuvimba zvishoma mutana, uyo akashandisa Mugovera Nokurova Kurohwa munhu akanga simba kupfuura iye. A sekuru muduku musimba bedzi vazukuru vake, vanogara mumba, akazvirova backhand dzavo, achiisa pabhenji.

Aleksey ros, vachitsigirwa naamai vake, uye mumba akaturikwa gobvu bvungapfunga varivo vose vose. Vanasekuru vakarwa pakati pavo, vakatyisidzira sekuru vake kuti achazunza vazukuru vakanwa, uye vakadzi vavo vari kukwanisa asununguke. Alyosha akaedza kuva shamwari munharaunda vakomana, asi avo vabereki uye vamwe voukama vaiva ukama yakaoma vakadaro sekuru vake, mbuya uye amai kuti vana vaigona kukurukura chete kuburikidza buri fenzi.

"The Lower makadzika"

Muna 1902, Gorky akatendeukira youzivi nyaya. Akasika mutambo vanhu, kuburikidza mugumo ndokuburuka pasi wokuRussia munzanga yacho. vatambi dzinoverengeka, vagari imba doss, munyori sketched ane anovhundutsa chokwadi. Pakati chokurondedzera pekugara vanhu vava kuda mwoyo. Mumwe ari kufunga kuzviuraya, mumwe munhu ari kutarisira kuti zvakanakisisa. Zvinobikwa Bamba Gorky "The Lower makadzika" - zvakajeka evanhu mudzimba kusachengeteka munharaunda, kazhinji ichichinja njodzi.

Muridzi doss-imba Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev mupenyu uye asingazivi kuti upenyu hwake nguva dzose pangozi. Mukadzi wake Vasilisa anonyengetedza mumwe vakokwa - Vaska Pepel - kuuraya murume. Izvi anopedzisa mbavha Vaska anouraya Kostyleva uye anoenda kujeri. Vamwe Vagari imwe doss imba vachirarama pave akadhakwa mafaro uye ropa kurwa.

Kwapera nguva, pane vamwe Luke wezvakashata uye chatterbox. Iye "anozadza", akakanda, ndiye kukurukurirana dzakareba, anovimbisa ramangwana wavaiona kufara uye vabudirire zvizere. Ipapo Ruka anonyangarika, uye anotambudzika vanhu vaakanga vaikurudzira, kuungudza. Kwakava mwoyo. Mana pekugara, zita remadunhurirwa kuti mutambi vakazviuraya. Vamwe havasi kure nayo.

Doss imba sechiratidzo pakati Chipangamazano chaVa wokuRussia Nzanga iri pakupera ari XIX remakore, denda nemaune kurongeka munzanga.

Okugadzira zvinhu Maksima Gorkogo

• "Makar Chudra" - gore 1892. Nyaya rudo uye tsaona.
• "Sekuru Arkhip uye Lenka" - 1893. Mupemhi kurwara mutana, uye pamwechete naye muzukuru Lenka, kuyaruka. sekuru First kwete kukurira nhamo uye ikafa, akafa ipapo nomuzukuru. Good vanhu akavigwa munzira netsaona.
• "Old Isergil" - 1895. nyaya dzakawanda akwegura mukadzi pamusoro udyire uye kurasira.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. Nyaya "chinhu inveterate chidhakwa, uye munhu akangwara, chakasimba mbavha."
• "Vakaroorana Makondo" - 1897. A nyaya vana vakaroorana vakasarudza kubatsira vanhu vanorwara.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. Nhoroondo sei muchitokisi akasungirirwa Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov, uyo akasungirwa vagrancy.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. Ngano zviitiko pamugumo wenyika XIX remakore, kwakaitika muna Volga guta. About mukomana anonzi Thomas vaitenda baba vake nakisisa gororo.
• "VaFiristia" - 1901. The Nyaya muFirisitia midzi uye dzinokura itsva iyoyo.
• "Nechepakaperera" - 1902. Chenjera kukamura uchishandisa kutamba pamusoro pokugara vanhu vakarasikirwa netariro zvose.
• "Amai" - 1906. Roman pamusoro dingindira echimurenga pfungwa iri muvanhu pamusoro kuitika mukati kugadzira fekitari, pamwe kutora chikamu kwenhengo imwe mhuri.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. A kutamba pamusoro ouduku mukadzi ane makore 42 okuberekwa, muridzi kutumirwa kambani, simba uye simba.
• "Childhood" - 1913. Zvakaedza mukomana nyore uye haisi imwe upenyu nyore.
• "Tales Itaria" - 1913. A dzakatevedzana nyaya pfupi pamusoro upenyu mumaguta wokuItaly.
• "The Passion-cheeky" - 1913. A shoma nyaya pamusoro zvikuru vasingafari mhuri.
• "Vanhu" - 1914. A nyaya gofer ari trendy shangu chitoro.
• "Africa My" - 1923. Zvakaedza Kazan University uye mudzidzi.
• "Blue Life" - 1924. A nyaya kurota uye muchimuka.
• "Artamonov Business" - 1925. Zvakaedza kuitika panguva fekitari rakarukwa micheka.
• "Life Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events kutanga XX remakore - Petersburg, Moscow, ari kwezvinovharidzira.

Mumwe kuverenga nyaya, nyaya kana yokufungidzira, akasiya pfungwa yakakwirira mabhuku unyanzvi. Vatambi vanotakura vanoverengeka yakasiyana maitiro uye zvinhu. Analysis anoshanda Kunorwadza kunosanganisira nzwisisika zvinhu vatambi vakatevera voga. Kusimba chokurondedzera organically pamwe ine mabhuku zano akaoma asi kunonzwisisika. All mabasa munyori mukuru Russian Maksima Gorkogo vakapinda yendarama pavane Russian tsika.