Mamiriro, akafanana, nenheyo sangano uye zvivako zviri mararamiro

Mararamiro - a zvipenyu gadziriro, chine munhu muzvizhinji kuti zvinhu zvipenyu, avo dzinogarisana, uye anobatanidza kuti vaite kupanana simba pakati pavo. Pari, ichi izwi nderei pfungwa ikoroji.

mamiriro

mararamiro ehupfumi akadzidza ichangopfuura. Masayendisiti dzoga yake huru zvinoriumba maviri - biotic uye abiotic. Chokutanga rakakamurwa heterotrophic (dzine zvipenyu vawane simba kubva oxidation kuti makemikari zvinhu - consuments uye decomposers) uye autotrophic (zvinenge vakawana chikuru simba nokuda photosynthesis uye chemosynthesis, kureva vaburitsi ..).

Chimwe chete chinonyanya kukosha tsime simba zvakakodzera kuvapo yose mararamiro vari vaburitsi kuti tibatsirwe simba kubva zuva, kupisa, uye makemikari chokuedza. Naizvozvo autotrophs ndivo vamiririri wokutanga trophic pamwero wenyika yose mararamiro. Wechipiri, wechitatu uye chechina mumatunhu vari kuumbwa wakakodzera consuments. Closed decomposers anogona kushandura mu zvisina upenyu makemikari zvinhu abiotic zvinoriumba.

Properties mararamiro zvishoma izvo unogona kuverenga nyaya ino ndechedu pave dzinongoitika uye kuvandudzwa.

The chikuru zvinoumba mararamiro

Marongerwo uye zvivako zviri mararamiro - chikuru Dzidziso kuzvikudza pachake, izvo paaivatambudza ikoroji. It vakasarudza govera zviratidzo zvakadai:

- okunze, ambient tembiricha uye mwando jekeso muoti;

- Organic binders abiotic uye biotic zvinoriumba mu riparadzirwe zvinhu;

- the inorganic mukomboni kwaisanganisira ari simba kutenderera;

- vaburitsi - ndivo zvipenyu pave chikuru zvigadzirwa;

- fagotrofy - heterotrophs kuti zvokudya zvimwe zvinenge kana makemikari tudonhwe guru zvinhu;

- saprotrophs - heterotrophs anogona kuparadza akafa makemikari nyaya, mineralize uye kudzokera wechiGeorgian.

The raora wekupedzisira zvitatu zvaiva unobereka biomass pakati mararamiro.

Mararamiro zvivako nenheyo sangano riri kudzidza muna ikoroji, inoshanda kuburikidza namatombo zvipenyu:

1. Saprophagous - chikafu pamusoro akafa makemikari nyaya.
2. Biofagi - kudya zvimwe zvipenyu.

Kuenderera uye zvipenyu zviri zvinhu zvipenyu

mararamiro ehupfumi dzinobatana siyana rudzi kuti kurarama mairi. The zvipenyu zvakawanda uye zvikuru kunzwisisa chikafu cheni, chikuru kutsiga mararamiro.

Zvipenyu zvinokosha zvikuru, nokuti kunoita kuti pave vakawanda munharaunda, iyo yakasiyana chimiro, mamiriro uye mashandiro, uye inopa mukana chaiye inotungamirwa yavo. Naizvozvo, dzakanga dziri zvipenyu, yakawanda vomunharaunda angagara, uye mukuru uwandu biogeochemical siyana zvinogona kuitwa, apo achivimbisa kuti ariko kunzwisisa biosphere.

Ichokwadi kana kutonga pamusoro ehupfumi kuti mararamiro? Nokuti pfungwa iyi ichazivikanwa kuvimbika, kudzikama, uye kuzvidzora samovosproizvodimost. Pane zvakawanda kuedza kwesayenzi uye zvakawanika kupa sokukumbira mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu.

negoho zvinhu zvipenyu

Panguva kudzidza negoho akaiswa mberi pfungwa dzakadai biomass uye vakamira chirimwa. Izwi repiri anosarudza mukanyiwa zvose zvipenyu zviri chikwata mvura kana nyika nharaunda. Asi biomass - zvakare mashoko uremu miviri, asi maererano nesimba kana chakaoma makemikari nyaya.

Biomass kunosanganisira muviri wose (kubatanidza necrotic zvinyama kwemhuka zvinomera.) Biomass anova nekromassoy chete kana anofa muviri wose.

Primary kugadzirwa munharaunda - ndiye paumbwe Vanoburitsa biomass simba, pasina chaakasiya iyo inogona kupedzerwa afemeruke paminiti chikwata nharaunda muzana chikwata nguva.

Govera zvakakomba uye mambure chepuraimari kugadzirwa. Musiyano pakati pavo ndiye mutengo kufema.

The mambure negoho munharaunda - ndiwo mwero kuunganidza makemikari nyaya chisingazivi ukuparadze heterotrophs, uye somugumisiro, uye decomposers. Chakagamuchirwa kuverenga kwegore kana mwaka kukura.

Secondary negoho munharaunda - ndiwo mwero simba mari ne vatengi. Mararamiro hombe vatengi, guru zvemaBhaibheri zvishandiswezve simba.

Kuzvidzora

mararamiro ehupfumi zvinosanganisira kuzvidzora uye kubudirira uko nokudzorwa zvakasiyana vanhu uye zvokudya ukama pakati pavo. Kana kwakaderedza nhamba yemabhuku zvikuru vatengi, kuti zvikara zvaitambidzwa dzimwe mhando iyo kare dzaifanira kuti kukosha kwavo.

Long maketani anogona bindepinde, ndinosika mukana dzakasiyana-siyana ukama zvokudya, zvichienderana neuwandu vakaurayiwa kana zvibereko zvinomera. In yakanakisisa nguva nhamba kwemarudzi anogona kuderedzwa - saka normalized ukama biogenotsenoze.

Safunga Kupindira dzevanhu mararamiro kunogona migumisiro yakaipa. Kupinza kuAustralia gumi yegwara tsuro mumakore makumi mana Makawanza mishoma mazana emamiriyoni evanhu. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kukwana uwandu pazvikara kuti zvokudya pamusoro pavo. Somugumisiro, mhuka Negima vari kuurayana zvose zvinomera panyika yakaoma.

biosphere

Biosphere - ane mararamiro chemhando chinzvimbo, kubatanidza kupinda chimwe mararamiro rose uye zvinopa mukana woupenyu Panyika.

The ehupfumi of biosphere sezvo yose mararamiro ikoroji inodzidza nesayenzi. Zvakakosha kuziva sei kuvaka pezvakaitwa chokuita upenyu zvipenyu zvose rose.

The Kuronga biosphere zvinosanganisira vakadaro zvinoriumba:

- The hydrosphere - mvura goko Nyika. Hazvina Mobile uye anowana kwose kwose. Water - rakasiyana remubatanidzwa inova imwe nheyo upenyu upi muviri.

- Atmosphere - the lightest mhepo goko Nyika, inoganhurana muchadenga. Nemhaka yake, pane kupanana simba pamwechete kunze;

- lithosphere - zvakaoma goko pasi zvinosanganisira magmatic nematombo uye sedimentary.

- pedosphere - topsheet lithosphere kuitika ivhu uye ivhu inotungamirwa rikurumidze. It anoudzawo miganhu yose yapfuura coatings, zvimiti zvose simba uye nyaya zvinogara zviri biosphere.

The biosphere hakusi namahwindo hurongwa, nokuti anenge zvachose inopiwa rezuva simba.

chakagadzirwa zvinhu zvipenyu

Chakagadzirwa zvinhu zvipenyu - ndiwo hurongwa akasikwa somugumisiro webasa kwevanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira agrocnosises uye zviwanikwa-zvoupfumi.

Murwiyo uye dzinokosha zvivako zviri mararamiro akasikwa murume, kwete chaizvo vakasiyana chipo. Rinewo vaburitsi, vatengi uye decomposers. Asi pane kusiyana redistribution kwenyaya uye simba Rwako.

Chakagadzirwa zvinhu zvipenyu akasiyana zvepanyama anotevera parameters:

1. A nhamba duku zvikuru zvipenyu uye predominance zvakajeka rimwe kana kupfuura.
2. Zvishoma nemishonga, uye yakakwirira kuvimba kwose simba (kusanganisira pamunhu).
3. Short cheni chikafu nokuda chiduku-siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu.
4. Open-kuchovha nezvinhu nokuda kushaya kuti Community zvinhu kana kukohwa murume. Panguva iyoyowo, dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu, nekusiyana, kusanganisira zviri kutenderera napo payo.

The ehupfumi pakati mararamiro vakasikwa akavaka kwezvakatipoteredza, yepanyama isinganaki ehupfumi. Kana musingadi tiine simba Rwako, shure imwe nguva rokudzorera dzinongoitika kwendangariro.

dondo mararamiro

Murwiyo uye zvivako yedondo zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu. In ezvinhu ichi, rikawira zvakawanda kunonaya pane ari musango, asi vakawanda vavo havana kusvika panyika uye runopwa zvakananga kubva shizha.

Deciduous dondo mararamiro dzakawanda zana mhando zvinomera uye zviuru mhando dzemhuka.

Zvirimwa zvikure mumasango, muri vakwikwidzi chaivo uye kurwa kuti chiedza chezuva. Rezasi poMutongi weDanho, zvikuru mumvuri-kushivirira dzemarudzi vakagaramo.

Primary vatengi vari hares, nemakonzo uye shiri uye herbivores makuru. Zvose zvinovaka muviri zviri Mashizha miti muzhizha, dziri kuwa kupinda matavi uye midzi.

Panewo chikuru vatengi vari semhashu uye zvipembenene. Mumwe pamwero anomiririrwa zvokudya marudzi mazhinji. Zvikuru ndiye basa herbivorous nezvipembenene. Ndivo mukume uye kushumira seinokonzera zvokudya inotevera pachiyero cheni zvokudya.

Mararamiro ose Freshwater Dam

Zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka upenyu zvipenyu vakasikwa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi ose dura. Zviri pano mvura kuti ndiyo yakanakisisa Unodziisa uye rine zvikuru okisijeni. Uye pano kuti ane vakawanda zvinomera, tupukanana uye mhuka duku.

zvokudya noukama wemuTesitamende mvura yakachena zvikuru kunzwisisa. Yepamusoro miti vanoshandisa hove herbivorous, dzemugungwa uye zvipembenene mazana. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, muri zvokudya mabviro crustaceans, hove uye amphibians. Mbeswa hove chikafu pamusoro madiki mhuka. Panewo zvokudya pachavo uye mhuka.

Asi zvasara makemikari nyaya richidonhera pasi mudhamu. Vanokurukura Mabhakitiriya, izvo ukuparadze nyore uye mupise dzemugungwa.