Mehmed II: Biography hweOttoman Sultan

Muna May, 1453 pamahombekombe ari Bosphorus yaiva chiitiko, avasakadza yose mberi nzira munhoroondo yenyika. Kukwanisa kudzivisa yakakuwandira ari Turkish vazhinji, Constantinople akawira, kwemazana emakore akawanda, inhare Orthodoxy uye yainzi Second Rome. Iye sachigaro mauto hweOttoman Empire achiri chaizvo muduku Sultan Mehmed II, uyo Biography aiva hwaro ino.

mugari wenhaka pachigaro

March 30, 1432, murongo wechiGiriki akabereka ari Sultan hweOttoman Empire Murad II mwanakomana wechina uyo akazova mutsivi wake uye akaburuka munhau sezvo Mehmed II Fatih (Mukundi). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pakutanga baba haina kugadzirira iye chakadaro yakakwirira munda, sezvo akaberekwa kubva muranda aionekwa pazasi vakuru hama, vanaamai dzakanga dzakanaka mukadzi wokuTurkey. Zvisinei, vose vakafa vachiri vaduku, mwanakomana muranda akasunungurwa nzira simba guru.

Mumakore upenyu Mehmed II hama, ane vabereki (kunyanya baba) haana kuona maari aizogadzwa, akakurira saizvozvo vana vose vari mumhuri yakapfuma, kuti anorega mitambo uye mafaro. Asi pashure pokufa kwevanakomana wedangwe Murad II akamanikidzwa zvikuru vachinje mafungiro avo kuti mwana, ane dambudziko chaizvo akasarudza mugari wenhaka pachigaro, uye kuita zvose zvatinokwanisa kuti nechokwadi, kuzvigadzira remangwana Implementation chemhando basa.

Chiitiko chokutanga Board

All kutarisira uye dzidzo akatsiva ake Sultan akapa High Vizier KHALIL. Under tutelage wake Mehmed munguva pfupi vagamuchira zvakakodzera inokosha mari zivo, iyo gare gare akabvumira kuti kuvandudza ave sayenzi zvechiuto uye unyanzvi nezvibvumirano.

Hwakawanda huripo nhoroondo dzeupenyu hweOttoman aizokunda zvinoratidza kuti Mehmed II yakatanga kekutanga kuti administrative zvinhu sezvo mangwanani sezvo makore matanhatu, achiva mubati dunhu Manisskoy. Zvisinei, kunouya muvaravara kuti vaimubatsira ichi ndiro dzose nguva mudzidzisi uye chipangamazano - Mukuru Vizier KHALIL. I zvakaoma vanofanira kushamiswa. Zviri pachena, zviri mumaoko ake simba chairo, uye mwanakomana mucheche, Murad II akagadza chete mutongi chezita, achimupa saka mukana kubva vaduku kubatana unyanzvi hurumende.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti, ave mutungamiri anobudirira zvechiuto uye unyanzvi Wenyika, Murad II zvisinei vanodzvinyirirwa nezviremera uye vakaratidza chido nokukurumidza sezvinobvira nokuisa bhodhi umambo hwake mutsivi, uye kuti zvorudzi mafaro zvousimbe yake kwoumbozha palace Magnesia. kurota uku akauya kuupenyu 1444, zvichiita mwanakomana Sultan, asi vakamusiya kutarisirwa chete vizier. Izvi zvinonzwisisika, nokuti Mehmed akanga haawanzotauri makore gumi nemaviri.

imwe nzwisa tsitsi chipingamupinyi

Zvisinei, kutanga kuedza panguva mutongi muduku akatendeuka Zviri lumpy. Chokwadi chokuti, yake tsika nokuda kwake zera chido chokuedza hazviiti, jaya akasimbisa pachivande ukama nenhengo akarambidzwa rechitendero muumambo hwacho pakati Sufis. Kudzidza uku, murayiridzi akarayira aurayiwe zvavo muparidzi dervish akashinga mutongi rakarasika muduku.

The kuuraya kwakaitika uye aiva chinhu chisingatombotarisirwi nemigumisiro. Dzinoronga zvinhu zvitsvene, vakamukira Janissaries tsitsi kune sangano iri. Zvichitevera izvi, kushandisa nguva, kunze kuteerera vagari Anatolia, uye shure kwavo, uye yechiKristu vanhu Varna. Saka, ropa anofambira muparidzi, ndiye aikonzera zvakakura chaizvo nenyonganiso.

Kazhinji, ndichavaparadza murombo mufananidzo Multi akachenjera Vizier - akafanana zvakanakisisa, asi zvikazooneka ... ndaifanira kusiya Murad II panguva revakadzi yake, uye kutuka kuti usina kufukidzwa KHALIL, ndokuchinja mitoro yavo zvakare Sultan. Pashure Fiasco ichi kure nesimba Mehmed II makore maviri vakapedza mumuzinda, hazviratidzi pacharo uye kuedza kwete kuti maziso ake yababa.

hwevakaroorana matambudziko

Asi, sezvinoratidzwa biographers, pamwe 1148 ratosvika makore gumi wenhaka Sultan akakumbira zvakare kuita zvose paruzhinji zvenyika. Uye kuramba chero crap izvozvo musoro wake, akasarudza kushandisa yekare nekusimba nzira - kuroora Man. Achawana mhuri - tigadzirise pasi.

Asi pano, iwe romora scion akakwanisa mwoyo baba vake - aiva wechirume ari mukadzi nhapwa-dzechiKristu akaona mumwe misika nhapwa. Imbirai serenades naye haana, uye kungova kubhadhara zvikuru zvinodiwa, akaunzira runako kumuzinda uye amuroora (achiri akanaka aiva murume). Iye akamuberekera mwanakomana, vakagamuchira zita vaMuslim Bayazid makore mazhinji vakaita zvinouraya basa muupenyu baba vake.

Pakutanga - Sufis Vanyengeri, uye ikozvino - mukadzi wechiKristu, kwete, zvakanga zvakawanda. Kudzora guru, uye kwose kwose misangano kuzvininipisa, Murad II vaisagona rikunde mwanakomana wake. baba akatsamwa asarudza pachake chakakodzera mwenga vanokudzwa kupfuura mhuri wokuTurkey. Ndaifanira kuteerera. Maererano netsika, chiso chake mukadzi, akaona chete pashure muchato. Chokwadi kuti akauya maonero ake, tinogona chete zvokufungidzira, asi inozivikanwa kuti "chipo" Iye vanozengurira kunyange kupinda revakadzi.

Ishe Empire

Muna February 1451 muupenyu hweOttoman Empire chikava chiitiko chinokosha - vafa mutongi wake, Sultan Murad II - baba Mehmed. Kubva nguva yakatanga pakupedzisira vakapfuura simba rose, uye akatora mabasa ake, chinhu chokutanga iye ndikabvisa zvichibvira somukwikwidzi uye kurwa simba - mucheche mwanakomana wababa vake, kureva, munin'ina wake.

Mehmed II akarayira kuti amuuraye, uye kuti hapana akakonzera kusafarira. Practice kubviswa hafu-venhema pachigaro uye wokutanga akatora nzvimbo muruvazhe, asi zvino rave legislated. Zvaakanga vakagara pamwe mukoma wake, wechiduku Sultan akatumira scaffold, uye hakunakidzi chaizvo chipangamazano naye - Vizier KHALIL.

Maererano netsamba vakararama panguva, hweOttoman Sultan Mehmed II akanga akangwara uye akasimba, asi panguva imwe chete kuvanza kwazvo, nezvimwewo uye vanokwanisa kutungamirira dzinopesana nehurumende. Chitarisiko chake, tinogona zvakakwana kutongwa pahwaro muupenyu Portraits vakasikwa watenzi mumakwenzi, yakakurumbira zvikuru ndiro Bellini Marudzi European. Pamatende ake womufananidzo ichifananidzwa ichi pasi, asi azere nesimba munhu womukati, curved pachirauro mhino randakapiwa chiso yamanenji mashoko.

Unyengeri hwakadini uye kunyengera

Akazadzwa wechokwadi nemanomano kumabvazuva, aizokunda waitanga basa pamwe kuti vakaedza kusika mumwe mufananidzo pave norugare. Kuti izvi zvidaro, haana kumborega kuvimbisa vamiriri venyika dzokumadokero avo achiedza kumisa runyararo uye kutsiga munzvimbo, uye kunyange Nokupika kuna Ambassador Constantine IX Byzantine mambo pamusoro Koran kuti haazombofi vanokanganisa pfuma yake. Mhiko yakarira chaizvo makore maviri kuti zuva paakaunza masvingo Constantinople nesimba weuto rake, wakati akunda zvose nhare chiKristu.

Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, izvozvo pachena hunhu waro itsika kwechokwadi. Kubvira 1452, Sultan Mehmed II, pasinei vimbiso dzake, akanga achigadzirira kukomba Byzantine guru. Near Constantinople vakavaka masvingo, uye pamahombekombe pakamanikana kuburikidza iyo ngarava Venetian vatengesi vaibva kweGungwa Dema kusvika kuMediterranean, akaisa pfuti. Under nokutyisidzirwa pakarepo kuurayiwa ose vafambi machinda ayo mhosva mutero, izvo, chaizvoizvo, ndiyo nemaune ugororo.

Kuwa Byzantine Empire

Muna April 1453 hweOttoman Sultan Mehmed II, iyo ndokubva chete makumi maviri nerimwe, vakaenda masvingo Roma Second nezvuru zana nehondo, izvo chakaita kuti cheshanu mutswe regiments pakati Janissaries. Against vemauto nevanozvitsigira kunoshamisa kwakadaro guta vakakwanisa kuisa kumusoro chete zviuru zvinomwe nevarume. The Mauto zvakanga dzisakarurama, uye 29 May, Constantinople akabatwa. Pashure pokuwa hweRoma, raiva wechipiri pamwero nhamo munhau yenyika yechiKristu, yakazova chikonzero kuti kubva Orthodox center nyika rafambira kuMoscow, vakagamuchira mamiriro Third Rome.

Mushure kubatwa paguta vokuTurkey yakaponda vagari varo vakawanda, uye vaya vaigona kutengeswa senhapwa uye akatumirwa misika nhapwa. Akafa kuti zuva, uye Kesari pachake - akanga achangobva paakangogara pachigaro, Constantine XI. Zvinosuruvarisa, asi muzvinhu zvakawanda unodzidzisa njodzi Byzantine mutungamiri Luka Notar.

Kuvimba nezvorupo muvengi, aiva mutsigiri zvokuzvidira Kuregwa guta, nokuti iro nokukurumidza akabhadhara mutengo. Kana guta guru raiva mumaoko vokuTurkey, zvino mwanakomana wake muduku uye chaizvo vakanaka akaona pachake Mehmed II. Harem vakomana raiva simba rake, uye Sultan vakasarudza kupera. Pashure pokugamuchira kurambwa nekusiyana baba, haana nharo, uye akarayira pakarepo kuurayiwa mhuri yose.

Guta guru itsva umambo

Pakarepo shure kubatwa weConstantinople kubudikidza Mehmed II kumutendera kubva Adrianople, guta guru roumambo hwake, izvo zvakaita kuti inflow mwero Turkish vemo. A weChicago guta - nokukurumidza Galata, iyo isati iyoyo Genoese nyuchi -fully akava pasi kuti Sultan ndechei uye akanga ine vokuTurkey. Uyezve, Mehmed II, vakadzi uye vevarongo vaimbova mune yaimbova guru kutamiswa kuConstantinople vake vose vakawanda revakadzi.

Kubva pamazuva hweOttoman ushe rokutanga, huru yokunamatira guta Christian - Hagia Sophia - akarega kupinda chechi. Zvisinei, nokuti kuti yavaibatisa mundima vachiri vazhinji vemadzimai vaimbova vagari Christian, nechinetso chakakomba chaiva mubvunzo pamusoro kugarwa upenyu hwechitendero hwavo.

Sultan ukama nevaHedheni

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Mehmed II yake mumhuri mutemo aitungamirirwa nenheyo nomwoyo, uye kutonga vahedheni dzimwe nguva vanonzwa zvakawanda zvakanaka pane munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, apo nguva vakaenda kusunga kuti chitendero kuparadzana. Zvikurukuru chenjera Runonzwika nevaJudha - vapoteri vaibva kunyika Western Europe, kutiza Raibvunzurudza uye vazhinji Vasvika hweTurkey.

Kutarisira hwakawanda chiKristu Empire Sultan simba rake yakatarwa primate, iro vakaburuka munhau sezvo tateguru Gennady II Scholarios. Akakurumbira zvechitendero nguva yake, aiva muvambi mabasa mazhinji yebhaibheri nouzivi uye chibvumirano yakasvika navo nokuda kugarwa ukama pakati zviremera vaMuslim uye munharaunda Orthodox kuramba kushanda kusvikira 1923. Saka, tateguru Gennadiy Sholary uye Mehmet II vakakwanisa kudzivisa kusingadzivisiki zvakadaro nyaya Kubudisa ropa pane zvavanotenda.

nzendo itsva

Mushure dzomunyika nhau anyudzwa, Mehmed II Mukundi akaramba ake anonyengera negwaro. Mumakore gumi akatevera tsoka dzake akawira Trebizond Empire, waiva wokutanga Byzantine Colony, Serbia, Bosnia, Athens duchy, weutungamiriri Marey uye kare akazvimirira akawanda zvimwe anoti.

Muna 1475, pasi wenharaunda yaitongwa hweOttoman Empire akafukidza Krymskoe Hanstvo rayo guru - guta Kaffa, magetsi Feodosiya. Pamberi vachirwisa dzavo akaita wandei kuvadza Eastern nyika dzokuEurope, uye akapinda hweTurkey uye yekudyidzana kusimbisa rawo rehondo rwakagadzirira nzira itsva dzokuparidza akunde Mehmed II.

Rufu hazvirevi kuwedzera kubwinya

Imwe nyika shoma kuti akakwanisa kuramba Sultan, akanga ari Republic of Venice. Atadza kukunda kwake zvehondo, Mehmed nemasaini 1479 chibvumirano pahwaro iyo Venetians vakagamuchira kodzero vakasununguka kutengeserana mukati hweOttoman Empire. Izvi dzinongoita akasunungura maoko ake kuti mamwe matanho, uye muna 1480 mauto ake akaita kubatwa kumaodzanyemba kweItaly. Asi mugumo aizofanira nacho, chirongwa ichi chakanga rokupedzisira muupenyu mukundi. Akafa pakarepo pakati kurwa, asi kwete muhondo, uye mutende rake.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Mehmed II, uyo mwanakomana kubva mukadzi muKristu akakodzera mugari wenhaka, akava waitirwa rangano. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nyota simba inotungamirwa Bayezid (nezvazvo watopiwa munyaya) akakwanisa kuwana chiremba pachake yababa vake kuti kumupa ngozi dose kuti chinodhaka, semubairo yaakanga akafa. aizovigwa mwanakomana Mehmed II kunyange asati akatora nzvimbo yake pachigaro choushe sezvichakurukurwa mutongi hweOttoman Sultan Bayezid II.

Nokupfupikisa Board Mehmet II, vanyori venhau vanobvuma kuti akakwanisa zvikuru kuchinja mafungiro misoro ehurumende kuti umambo hwake European uchiitema kuti ayeuke akaenzana pakati vaitungamirira masimba yaitonga. sezvo akatora nzvimbo yake munhoroondo yenyika, pamwe zvikuru mutungamiri zvechiuto uye yokutungamirira.

Kwemazana anotevera emakore, vatongi vakachinja mamiriro zvakasikwa naye, asi hwaro hwavo mudzimba uye vatorwa mutemo vaiva dzemitemo vakaisa pasi Sultan Mehmed II. Chief pakati pavo aiva kuwedzera, pamwe chete hama zvitendero nekuda ari vakakunda vanhu.