Nadzurudzo Speransky

Speransky kuti pave nokunamata kwakachena akava porusvingo chaiye hurumende zvinhu pakutanga rekutonga Alexander I. The mwanakomana womupristi nyore kubva mumusha, akaisa zvakawanda mabasa kuitira kuti ave anozivikanwa gweta uye kuti dizzying administrative basa.

Muna 1807 Speransky kare raiva rimwe vanhu pedyo mambo, anenge mazuva ose kukurukurirana naye, vakakurukura kushandurwa chirongwa. Ake maonero aiva kazhinji kusarudza kuti Alexander I wokusarudza vaida paruzhinji hofisi. Aivawo vatsoropodzi vaitenda kuti iye muridzi mambo kuda, uye iye anodzora Russia. Asi chaizvoizvo iye akarurama, kunyange unyanzvi chaizvo, tevedzera mirayiridzo Alexander I. Political maonero Speransky kusiyaniswa chete nechokwadi sezvo pfungwa mambo pachake. Kudivi rimwe, vaida kuti Russia ine European zvechokwadi nyika, uye pane dzimwe - kunzwisisa kuti nyika haisi kugadzirira akachinja. Speransky, somunhu kukuchidzira kuti Napoleon uye pfungwa dzake, vaidavira kuti munyika ine kuwanda kumanikidzwa kwevanhu kunogona kuva mubvunzo mumwe umambo chaiyo. Zvisinei, iyewo aiziva kuti kana zvinoshamisa kugadzirisa murimi mudiki mubvunzo ndeyevanyori autocratic simba mambo, saka vaiita nokungwarira zvikuru.

Dzakagadzirirwa kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika Speransky uye vakabvuma mambo akanga chete muna 1809. In basa idzva, akataura kuti nokuda nokumukirana aizunungusa Europe, kuchinja mu Russia haagoni kunonoka zvakare.

Reform Speransky vachinyanyoda kuparadzana anoverengeka mapazi ehurumende (zvokutonga, Executive, zvemitemo) pamwe paungano neHurumende Duma uye kwokubatsira kwawo nesarudzo zviremera. Iyewo vaiona chikuru kukosha pakusikwa State Council, iyo zvakabatana mumwe uye nechepakati zvomukati management pasi pamambo. Zvisinei, Speransky kuchinja, kumuroora miviri matsva aya chete deliberative. Havana zvainoita mhedziso simba chamambo.

Speransky vake zvinhu zvaipfekwa norupo, Chokwadi, havana chete vatsigiri. Pamusoro pavo vaiva vakuru, kuti kuchinja pfungwa. The transformations vakaona kukanganisa chinzvimbo chavo uye autocratic feudal maitiro zvavo. Munyori uye munyori N. M. Karamzin, sezvo mukuru ideologist kuti kuzvikudza, akapa kuna Kesari katsamba umo akaribvunza (uye kunyange vakasimbirira) kuchengetedza yekare, kuti azoponesa ari autocracy uye serfdom.

Speransky okuchinja uyewo akasangana kurwisa pazuva chikamu Count A. A. Arakcheeva, pedyo Alexander I. Graf nekusiyana, vakatenda kuti kuitira kusimbisa simba mambo vane mamwe kukudziridza aivapo bureaucratic hurongwa. The hondo pakati kuzvikudza uye liberals hwakaguma pokukundwa yokupedzisira. ideologue ravo akabviswa paruzhinji mabasa, uye akatuma kuutapwa.

Speransky okuchinja rakatangwa muna nyaya imwe chete: muna 1810, akatanga State Council. Inoitwa vashumiri uye nemamwe makurukota kuti wemapoka mambo pachake. Mashandiro anoita Dare Rehurumende yaiva misangano pamusoro pokumuka mitemo mitsva uye dudziro zvinokosheswa aitorwa mitemo. Iyewo mubasa pakugoverwa mari pakati hushumiri, Vashumiri akaongorora mishumo gore, asati achivapa kuna mambo. Mabasa aya akachengetedza Council of State kusvika 1906.

Kazhinji, kuchinja ashandiswe munyika kubva 1802 kusvika 1811 gore haana kushandura hunhu waro zvematongerwo enyika. Mukupesana, vakaita kuti hurumende midziyo kunotonyanya centralized. Mukuru zvemitemo uye Executive simba akanga achiri mambo.