Sobibor musasa wevasungwa nhoroondo. Kupukunyuka vasungwa kubva wevasungwa Sobibor

The wakashata Nazi wevasungwa Sobibor akava nzvimbo kupondwa vaJudha. Kuuraya kushandiswa gasi makamuri. Muna 1943 makanga kwebope ari Sobibor rufu musasa, pashure pacho yakavharwa uye zvinoparadzwa yechiFascist nezviremera German.

Construction Sobibor

Muchirimo 1942 mundima ine Third Reich muPoland akatanga "Operation Reinhard". Chinangwa charo chaiva vakawanda kuparadzwa vaJudha Roma kwevanhu. Kuti izvi zvidaro, vashoma dzakavakwa rufu mumisasa, kusanganisira Sobibor wevasungwa. Akamuka zita musha waiva pedyo, pedyo Lublin. Institution raishanda zvishoma kupfuura gore. Panguva ino, 250,000 vaJudha akafa mukati mamasvingo ayo. nhimbe yavo rudzi hakuna tsaona asina rinotarisa munharaunda kwePoland. Munyika ino, pamusoro avaida Hondo Yenyika II, kwaiva nevaJudha vanenge mamiriyoni 3.

Wevasungwa Sobibor ari rectangle ane upamhi raiva 600 m, uye kureba - 400 metres. Nechomumugwagwa mukomberedzo venzvimbo fenzi nemiseve waya nayo yakavakwa, vachinyatsonzvera akafukidzwa muti mapazi. Masvingo kuvanziwa vagere yakapoteredza misha zvinotyisa zvaiitika ipapo behest nezviremera yeNazi Germany.

kwezvivako

Zvinosuruvarisa anozivikanwa Sobibor wevasungwa akamira kunze kunyange tikafunga zvimwe zvakafanana masangano. Its chinangwa chaiwo atinoona kuparadzwa vasungwa. Vazhinji vakasara pamisasa vakatoita vasungwa somunhu akasununguka vechibharo rinoshandiswa utsinye ezvinhu oupenyu uye basa.

Chinangwa, wakange wevasungwa Sobibor, uye kukanganiswa marongerwo kwayo. It yakakamurwa kuva Corps zvitatu. Mune imwe yaiva nehurumende yeGermany, vasungwa uye wechipiri rakagamuchirwa zvakanaka akagadzirirwa wechitatu zvinodiwa kuparadzwa vachangosvika vasungwa. The chikuru nenhumbi liquidation yevaJudha iri mumusasa gasi makamuri. Vakatarira, sokunaya kwemvura, izvo zvinogona kutakura vanhu 170. Inenge Makamera vakanga yakaiswa tangi injini dzaisanganisira kuti agopfigira carbon monoxide kupinda mumba kuburikidza chaiwo pombi. Anenge vaJudha vose dzaibayirwa saizvozvo pazuva rokutanga pashure asvika. Vakaudza kuti vasvika mukamba dzaifanoiswa, uye zvino vava kumirira inoenda basa. Asati kuenda parwendo rurefu yasvika aiva mumwe kutora yokugezera. Mukuwedzera, musasa kutarisira akabvisa nguo kuti disinfection kudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere uye matenda.

Sonderkommando

Varume nevakadzi vakanga vakatsaurwa, uye mumwe boka rakanga kwayo yomukati. Vasungwa vakanga nguo uye zvakamanikidzwa kutora inokosha zvishongo. Vana aitumirwa nevakadzi. chaiyo Sonderkommando vakasikwa kuti vaite mabasa aya. Vakanga inounganidzwa kubva vasungwa kupfuura simba uye utano. Sonderkommando havana nezvenzvimbo kwavaienda. Vaifanira kutumira vanhu kuti gasi makamuri. Chokwadi, munhu akapokana, apo vamwe madzivisa, saka Kutarisirwa iri vachiwanzoshandisa nokutyisidzirwa uye mhirizhonga. Masimba aya anokosha vakasikwa nokuti kuti kwakajairika SS vakuru, vachiziva kuti vachafanira kuita, chete kugona kukunda nebasa ravo uye mupfungwa akaputsa. The Sonderkommando nokuti chete chikonzero akanga kakawanda kacho kuzviuraya.

Wevasungwa Sobibor vaNazi (kufanana Treblinka uye Belzec) akasikwa zvakananga vaJudha, uye vaiva zvikuru utsinye. Pashure gassed basa vanhu zvakakwana, vakasunganidzwa. The nzvimbo akadyisa carbon monoxide, maminitsi uye pashure 20 haana mukati dzavamwe vapenyu munhu. Total nzira kubva vasvika kuna wazvakaitika havana kupfuura maawa 3. Musasa aishanda majana, akapotsa usingamudimburiri. Apo kamuri yakavhurwa, vatori Sonderkommando aifanira kubvisa miviri uye machira avo mazino goridhe. Zvose zvakaitwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, nekuti pashure imwe chitima nevaJudha vakauya itsva. Gare gare mitumbi vakapiswa.

musasa upenyu

VaJudha vakatanga kuuraya mumisasa yevasungwa kunyange asati pakupedzisira kuvakwa Sobibor. Conveyor nzufu nokumhanya pa zvizere vanokwanisa muna May 1942. VaJudha vakauya ikoko kubva pedyo kumaguta Polish, Czechoslovakia, Austria uye Germany. Muna July, iyo njanji pamusoro iyo chitima vakasvika kumusasa wevasungwa, yakavharwa kuti kugadziridza, uye iye chakamboti akamira kushanda. Asi kuti kana vanhu vokuGermany yaingoda kumbomira yokuvaka anoverengeka gasi pamakamuri, uyo akabatana Arsenal nhare kwevanhu (Sobibor). Upenyu uye rufu mumusasa vakazopiwa rakanyorwawo uchapupu mudonzvo uye kutiza vasungwa. Vamwe zvairatidza zvave nokuti rokuNuremberg miedzo.

In kuwa 1942 mumusasa zvakare akatanga kumhanya nezvitima. Most vanosvika akatanga kusvika kubva Eastern Galicia uye Lublin (200 zviuru vanhu). Paiva yakawanda vaJudha Holland. Akava achangobuda vakaurayiwa Sobibor vasungwa yechiLatvian Belarusian cram. Akauya vaJudha vaifanira kunyora tsamba dzavo kuti vasvika zvakanaka mumusasa wechibharo. Izvi zvaiitwa disinformation vanhu. Zvose zvakaitika rufu mumisasa, aiva mamiriro muchivande. Muviri vakapisa nechinangwa chete - kuviga umboo mhosva.

gadziriro chimurenga

Mukutanga 1943, vamwe vasungwa vakatanga kusiya musasa kushumira ravo basa. Vakaramba kuvakazve mumusasa uye aigara yemauto pedyo gasi makamuri. In ezvinhu ichi, paiva neboka daredevils avo vakasarudza kuronga kumukira. In kuwa muna 1943 muna Sobibor vaJudha kubva vakagaramo munzvimbo veSoviet akatanga kusvika. Pakati vanosvika akanga Alexander Pechersky.

chizvarwa ichi reKremenchuk uye akazova mutungamiri ane pachivande boka. Zano rokutanga raiva vasungwa yangu. Kuti kuita, waifanira kuenda kuburikidza makumi cubic metres enyika uye munovavanza pasi pasi. Kuchera chingaitwa chete usiku. Caves vakazvitsaurira kuna urongwa hwake nokuda boka duku revanhu 65. All vanoda nokukurumidza sezvinobvira kubuda Sobibor. Zvisinei, The mukumukira mumusasa rufu, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuronga imwe yakadzika rangano. About ake nevavariro vatizi akaudza nokungwarira sezvo aigona kumedza munhu angadai vakapfuura zvose CS boka. Zviri Panguva iyi ndapererwa ruzhinji urongwa izvi mune dzimwe yevasungwa.

Somuenzaniso, Alexander Pechersky, usati kusvika Sobibor, akanga ari mumusasa dzaifanoiswa muna Minsk. Pane imwe kusingabudiriri kuedza kupukunyuka. 50 VaJudha (pedyo cram) vakabata zvombo uye vakabvuma mutyairi kuti akanga ane mari nehanya panguva yakatarwa kutora navo pa kuda. Uyu murume akapfuura unoranganawo, pashure zvavakanga vakatambudzwa nezvinhu chinomutsa nembwa. vasungwa hafu-akafa vakabika mupenyu veko dzokugezera. Kunyange zvakadaro, vaJudha Sobibor rombo. chakavanzika kwavo saka hapana akazarurwa.

Pausiku kupukunyuka

Zvisinei, munguva pfupi zvakava pachena kuti Pfungwa yangu anofanira kusiyiwa. Chokutanga, 65 vanhu chete utano havana nguva kutiza kuburikidza rakamanikana buri chete usiku, kusvikira yemauto dzavo auya kuchengeteka. Chechipiri, kunyange kana zvose zvinopera uye vaNazi havana ndagamuchira vakakodzera. kumukirawo vasungwa kushanda zvakafanana yemauto Nguva pfupi asati yakavharwa, uye kumativi okumusoro kuisa mamwe kuchengeteka.

In pamisasa, kupfura yakatanga. Unoranganawo akanga achitya kuti zvirongwa zvavo vakanga amuudza. Zvisinei, mhaka mhirizhonga yakanga yakasiyana. Pazuva iroro, October 11, 1943, musasa akauya mumwe batch mangé kuzviuraya. Ava vanhu kakaona nezvavainazvo achava Met Sobibor. musasa wevasungwa, vane nhoroondo iri kuramba enhoroondo kuurayiwa uye kuparadza rudzi, zuva zvakare akafukidzwa ropa. VaJudha kudzidza nezvechinangwa "mvura", nechekare nguo akapararira. Revanhu mavhunduka akaparadza Sonderkommando, asi kwakange kwokuenda kwaari. Maximum, izvo zvinogona kusvika Ndege, saka zviri rusvingo nemiseve waya. Ikoko vakanga vakasangana nevanhu yakarongeka yokurinda moto.

Kupondwa SS vakuru

Sezvineiwo, varindi pa Sobibor ikaunganidzwa kubva vasungwa vehondo vakanga akabvuma kuva pevatsigiri. Vazhinji vavo vakanga vakadzidziswa mamwe mumusasa Polish wevasungwa - Trawniki. Asi chinangwa chikuru pakati rioters havana navo, uye SS navatariri vakanga akatungamirira musasa upenyu. Isa muchivande kuuraya akava kusona workshop.

October 14 aiva wokutanga vakauraya yomunzvimbo Untersturmführer Berg, uyo akauya kuyera yunifomu itsva. Paakanga kutsauswa nguvo dzake, mumwe vamukira akarova mukuru mumusoro nesanhu. Akawa kufema. Chitunha akarara pamubhedha, akafukidza nguo dzake. Akatevera mukuru wevarindi mumusasa akauraya Michael. Panguva imwe cheteyo munhu kusarudzirwa boka saboteurs vakatema waya runhare.

Mushure yokutanga chakavanzika nokuurayiwa vatizi zvaiva mumaoko kwepfuti 11 akatorwa nevaNazi, uye 6 pfuti kuti kare aba uye zvakavigwa mune drainpipe. Arsenal vaipfuura mwero. Musasa yakatarwa miniti nzvimbo vakanzwa showing. Raiva mureza rokumukira. Akayambira vaJudha vakaumba mbiru. Saka vakatanga pachena akavamukirawo nenguva Sobibor. About kumukira aiziva isingasviki hafu vasungwa. Vamwe, nokuti vakawanda vakaramba mumatumba avo uye tinyerere arinde. Vakatya mhirizhonga uye vaitarisira kuvimbika kwavo kuponesa upenyu hwake. Nguva yaratidza kuti vakanga vakarasika.

bongozozo

Kana mbiru vapanduki akavaka Caves vakatumira zvombo. Kana boka rine akakunda vazhinji zvombo raigona kuuraya zvose vokuGermany zvarwo. Zvisinei, pamusoro zvombo vaiva muchina-pfuti emplacements. moto wavo rinorema Akanyimwa mukana kupaza kuna chombo. Ipapo Caves akasarudza arege kuzviisa pangozi uye atize kubva mumusasa nepamagedhi, dzakanga pedyo mapurisa dzamadzibaba. Gunfire, asi somugumisiro maawa akaurayiwa.

Zvino vatizi aiva akaoma zvikuru - Zvino zvimbambaira kuti vakakomba musasa. Vapanduki vakatsvaka kuva zvokudya musango, apo zvaibvira kumwaya kwose kwose. Vakawanda miti pamugwagwa vakaurayiwa mumigodhi. Asi vamwe akakwanisa kusiya Sobibor. musasa wevasungwa, mazita vasungwa vari zvino National Museum kwevaIsraeri rwakazvitsaurira kuna Holocaust, vagara pasi pedyo pfungwa SS, uye mapurisa akaramba kutsvaka vakapukunyuka vasungwa.

chitupa Caves

Kumukira kwevaJudha rufu mumisasa (Sobibor akanzi saka) ndiye chete zvakaitika rakabudirira kutiza zvakadaro Nazi masangano. October 14 kwaiva vasungwa 550. vanhu 80 vakaurayiwa apo kuedza kutiza, uye vanenge 170 vokuGermany vakanga vabatwa uye vakaurayiwa panguva kutsvaga. A chinokosha chikamu vasungwa havana kutora chikamu mune kupukunyuka. Vose vanhu ava vakasara pamisasa. Vakanga vakaurayiwa vokuGermany anenge pakarepo mushure Sobibor hurongwa rukaporeswa.

Iye kutiza 53 vakashinga. Vamwe vavo, wakafanana pachake, Alexander Pechersky, akatora chikamu pakugadzirwa remagandanga vezvikwata shure vokuGermany. wakazara vapanduki mutungamiri wokutanga akashanyira Moscow, kwaakanga atumwa zvinopesana akakurumbira utongi kutumira aisa kuutapwa Red Army ari battalions. In guru Soviet Union akapupura Caves State Commission. Zvino yaiva vanyori Veniamin Kaverin (uyewo muJudha) uye Paul Antokolsky. Ivo akanyora incredible nyaya Caves. Nyaya yake akanga zvinoshamisa kuti pamberi pake hapana akagona kutiza wevasungwa uye kurarama. Kaverin Antokolsky uye nokukurumidza yakabereka ane unyanzvi gadzira ari kumukira muna Sobibor. Akapinda Black Book - muunganidzwa rakabudiswa hondo Jewish Antifascist Committee. Pashure pehondo, sangano yazova chinhu reSoviet wehurumende udzvanyiriri. Naizvozvo, pepa rehurukuro wevanyori maviri USSR vaverengi vasina kuona kusvikira zvino, kusvikira kusenza yakaguma.

Njodzi kwomusasa

Kunobudirira kupukunyuka vasungwa kubva yevasungwa (Sobibor yaiva here kutyisa nzvimbo) waitwa vatariri Third Reich afungezve mafungiro ayo kunzvimbo ino. Tadzokera mangwanani 1943, Genrih Gimmler akashanyira pano - Reich Minister of Internal Affairs muGermany, uye murume akava mukuru kondakita of Führer pashure Rokupedzisira Solution itsika. Akasarudza pakupedzisira kuzodzosera fekitari rufu mumusasa wevasungwa chakaipa. Paivawo mapoka vashandi vokutanga vechiJudha '. Sezvatinoziva, vamwe vasungwa vaigona kusiya Sobibor. The mukumukira kwakakonzera mumusasa rufu muBerlin hasha. Kwakasarudzwa kuiparadza. The yose kwezvivako yave kupera, uye nharaunda kumborimwa uye ikava romuriwo rabha.

Pashure pokukundwa Nazi Germany akaenda Sobibor basa chiPolish hurumende. Kucherwa rwaiitwa. Nyanzvi vakawana dzakawanda kungoda mhosva uye unburnt mitumbi vanonetswa pamisasa. Nhasi panzvimbo yayo ndiko chirangaridzo yakatsaurirwa kuna kuyeuka vakaurayiwa Third Reich.