Pugachev kumukira: kumusoro, pasi uye zvinokonzera

In Russian nhoroondo panguva yaitonga Catherine II aigara kunzi yendarama zera. Iye anotonga pachigaro choushe Empress, kufanana yaro chikuru zvinotarisirwa guru muvandudzi Peter, sezvaakanga anoda kuti Russia chikamu yakabudirira Europe. Umambo ichiwedzera simba neuto rehondo kubatana nyika itsva, yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora Mambokadzi kusimukira sayenzi nounyanzvi. Asi paiva "chinokatyamadza pakati XVIII remakore" - anonzi Ekaterina Velikaya Pugachev chimurenga. Ahwo, uyewo zvinokonzera uye kosi kwakaratidza unopinza kusiyana akavanda seri kwoumbozha France yendarama zera.

The zvinokonzera kwokumukira

Chirevo rokutanga Catherine, pashure Peter III vakanga zvaizopedza nekodzero dzevanhu vepamusorosoro kubva rokumanikidzirwa muchiuto uye vehurumende. Varidzi aiva nomukana kuti mubasa upfumi, uye pachinhu vanhuwo zvavo, vakava nevaranda. Serfs vakapiwa sokusingatsungiririki mhosva chete, uye kunyange kodzero kuzovakwirira varidzi kuvatorera. Mumaoko atenzi waiva mugumo upenyu pachahwo serf.

Yakanga nani kupfuura nhamba yevaya varimi kuti vave anonzi mbesa. Chokuudza vashandi tsitsi vaidzvinyirirwa angu varidzi. In makaitika ezvinhu vakanga kushanda rinorema uye ngozi sika, uye basa iri pachavo minda yavo vakanga kana simba kana nguva.

Pasina chiri Urals uye Volga nharaunda akapfuta Pugachev chimurenga. Migumisiro utongi mutemo yeRussian Empire pamusoro National aro - kuwanika mupanduki hondo mazana ezviuru Bashkirs, Tatars, Udmurt, Kazakh, Kalmyk, Chuvash. State kudziona zvavo yechizvarigo, kuvaka mafekitari itsva ipapo, uye kudyara kutenda chitsva kwavari, kutorambidza vanamwari vekare.

On rwizi Yaik

Fiyuzi, vakatora pamusoro mirazvo dzakakurumbira hasha huru nzvimbo iri Urals uye Volga, aiva chokupika Yaik Cossacks. Vakanga ndichirairira pamusoro yezve zvavo zvoupfumi (hurumende chindingindingi pamusoro munyu) enyika (wevasungwa simba muhurumende vaitsigira vakuru nemachinda) rusununguko uye ropafadzo. zvesimba ravo 1771 zvoutsinye yakapwanyika, iyo akamanikidzira Cossacks kutsvaka dzimwe nzira kurwisa uye vatungamiri vatsva.

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika dzakaratidza shanduro kuti pokupanduka Pugachev, inokonzera, kosi uye migumisiro yacho vakanga zvikuru pakutsvaga muromo Yaik Cossacks. Vakakwanisa kukunda nawo rerunziro Pugacheva uye kuti avo bofu kushandisa kubudirira kwakaita Cossack takasununguka. Zvino ndakaenda ngozi, ivo wakamutengesa uye akaedza aponese upenyu mukutsinhana musoro wake.

Murimi mudiki "anpirator"

Makakatanwa ari socio-zvematongerwo enyika nguva raitsigirwa nezvorunyerekupe pamusoro kumanikidza pakuputsa mukadzi youmambo Catherine - Peter Fedorovich. Rakati kuti Peter III agadzirira chirevo "Pazuva rusununguko murimi mudiki," asi haana izvozvo, uye akanga akabatwa kumakurukota - vavengi of Kusunungurwa kubva vanhuwo zvavo. Iye nepaburi retsono uye nokukurumidza kuzivisa kuvanhu uye uchaimutsa kurwira kudzoka pachigaro chamambo. Kutenda vanhuwo zvavo vari kurudyi namambo, muzodzwa waMwari, ine pamusoro muviri chaiwo manotsi, akanga anowanzoshandiswa muRussia siyana vanyengeri kurwira simba.

Chishamiso vakapukunyuka Peter Fedorovich chaizvo akaoneka. Akaratidza zviratidzo zvakajeka pamusoro pachipfuva (izvo zvakave tichingoda scrofula) uye rinonzi namakurukota chikuru vavengi kushanda vanhu. Aiva nesimba uye akashinga, aiva pfungwa yakajeka uye yesimbi kuda. Pakuzvarwa, zita rake raiva Emelyan Pugachev.

Don Cossack kubva mumusha Zimoveyskoy

Akaberekerwa muna 1740 kana 1742 iroro nzvimbo, apo mazana emakore asati avapo mumwe kunozivikanwa vanopandukira - Stepan Razin. Pugachev kumukira, migumisiro ake nzendo pedyo Volga uye Urals saka vakatya zviremera kuti iye akaedza kuparadza chaizvo kuyeuka "muzhik kuti mambo." Tine vashoma yakavimbika Data pamusoro hwake.

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev achiri muduku akasiyana yainakidza pfungwa uye mutizi unhu. Aiitawo hondo pamwe Prussia uye Turkey, vakagamuchira chinzvimbo romumhanzi. Urwere akadzokera kuna Don, vasingagoni kuwana mukuru kurega muchiuto uye vakanovanda nezviremera.

Akashanyira Poland muna Kuban uye Caucasus. Kwekanguva akagara Old Vatendi pamahombekombe ane mutero of Volga - rwizi Irgiz. The maonero aiva kuti zvakanga mumwe akakurumbira vaipikisa - baba Filaret - Pugacheva akapa akafunga kungowira chishamiso kuponeswa imwe mambo wechokwadi. Saka chakamukazve chava Sangano pakati rusununguko-rudo Cossacks Yaik "anpirator" Peter Fedorovich.

Bunt kana murimi mudiki hondo?

Zviitiko zvakatanga sezvo kurwirana kudzoka Cossack rusununguko, ndakawana zvose zvinoitwa guru-pamwero hondo kuzorwa vamanikidzi miduku yokuruwa uye workhouse zvavo.

Akadanidzira muzita Peter III manifestos uye mitemo ine pfungwa ane kukwezvana yakakura nokuda vakawanda vacho umambo; kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo kubva serfdom uye sokusingatsungiririki nemitero, endowing pamwe pasi, kubviswa ropafadzo kwamachinda navabati, nhengo hurumende varikumahombekombe, etc ...

masirogani kwakadaro pamusoro mireza wehondo mupanduki inopa payo akurumidze quantitative kukura uye aiva mutsindo simba pamusoro ose Pugachev yemuna. Zvinokonzera uye migumisiro murimi mudiki yehondo 1773-75 vaiva zvakananga chigadzirwa matambudziko aya munzanga.

By Yaik Cossacks, uyo akazova chinoumba huru uto rehondo yemuna, akabatana vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo Ural miti rwunonzi, muridzi serfs. Horse weuto revapanduki kwaisanganisira kuitwa zvinhu zvakadai sekuimba Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks nezvimwe vaigara steppes pamupendero umambo.

Kutarisira kwayo variegated sezvamunoita mauto vatungamiriri Pugachev Mauto yakaumbwa nomukuru bhodhi - administrative uye enyika muzinda kwazvakarerekera. For vakabudirira mudzimu mupanduki muzinda aishaya uye ruzivo-Pugachev vehondo, kunyange zviito mauto mupanduki uye akaita dzimwe nguva aivarwisa mudonzvo vakuru uye vemauto shamisika sangano rake uye pfungwa imwe, kunyange zvakanga zvisingawanzoitiki.

Zvishoma nezvishoma kuwana kuti zviri nebope pakati Civil War chaiye. Asi kutanga ane pfungwa chirongwa, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa "mitemo youmambo" Emelyan, vaisagona kuramba dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya hunhu revarwi ake. Migumisiro Pugachev kupandukira vakazoroorwa kwakaratidza kuti akapakatira uye zvisati utsinye ari udzvanyiriri yavamanikidzi akashandura kuita pamusoro pehurumende nokumanikidza chete - mapenzi uye tsitsi - Russian bope.

Weboka yemuna

Fire kumukira rakafukidza nzvimbo yakakura kubva Volga kusvika Urals. Pakutanga chitarisiko Yaik Cossacks, akatungamirirwa vazviidza murume haana kukonzera kutya kuti Catherine. Chete kana mauto Pugachev yakanga nokukurumidza kukasawedzerwa apo zvakazivikanwa kuti "anpiratora" kukwaziswa chingwa uye munyu mumataundi maduku nemisha makuru, vakati vabata - kazhinji pasina kurwa - nhare akawanda Orenburg steppes, zviremera vakapinda kuna chaicho. Hazvina nemanzvengero kuregeredza Vakuru yakatsanangura nokukurumidza kuwedzera Cossack nokutsamwa Pushkin, uyo akadzidza migumisiro uye kukosha kwazvakarerekera. Pugachev vakauya guru Urals - Orenburg - mauto simba uye ngozi, akundwe dzose idzodzo uto akawanda.

Asi chaizvoizvo kudzivisa kuri mauto akatumwa kubva guru, Pugachevskaya libertines asingagoni, uye danho rokutanga yemuna wakaguma kukunda nokuda chamber nemauto ari munhare Tatisheva muna March 1774. Zvaiita kuti pokumukira Pugachev, migumisiro zvakange kutiza munyengeri ane yokuzviparadzanisa diki kuna Urals, iri woutsinye. Asi zvakanga chete Danho rokutanga.

Kazan womunda

Mumwedzi mitatu pashure pokukundwa pedyo Orenburg kuna Kazan akauya 20000th wakazara vapanduki Army: Nokurasikirwa vakazara pakarepo mutsika mauto matsva pakati kusagutsikana avo ezvinhu. Kunzwa kuti rava kusvika "Emperor Peter III» vanhuwo zvavo vakawanda pachavo nayo varidzi, akakwazisa nechingwa munyu Pugacheva uye kudirwa nehondo yake. Kazan akapotsa vakakunda vapanduki. Vakanga vasingagoni taramba chete Kremlin, apo iye akaramba boka revarwi diki.

Achida kutsigira Povolzhskoye kwamachinda uye Varidzi vamukire pamucheto Empress akazviti "Kazan womunda" uye akatumira Kazan, ane simba uto muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano pasi murayiro Colonel I. I. Mihelsona, uyo akanga akarayirwa kudzvinyirira zvachose pokupanduka Pugachev. Migumisiro Kazan hondo dzaiva zvakare vanoshorwa nokuda munyengeri, uye akabva vakasara mauto kurudyi kumahombekombe Volga.

Mugumo Pugachev nokupandukira

Mune Volga nharaunda, aichimbova mapazi dzamarudzi serfdom yokumukira moto une kudya itsva - vanhuwo zvavo, vakasunungurwa pakutapwa Manifesto "Peter Fedorovich," zvakapinda nehondo yake. Nokukurumidza muMoscow pachayo vakanga vachigadzirira kuti vadzivise uto guru vanopandukira. Asi Pugachev Kupanduka kunoguma Urals akamuratidza kuti murimi mudiki mauto vasingagoni kuzokudzivisa-vakadzidzira uye zvakanaka-zvombo dzose dzakabatana. Rakanga vakasarudza kutamira kumaodzanyemba uye ichibuda kurwisa Don Cossacks, parwendo rwavo yaiva nhare yakasimba - Tsarina.

Zviri pamusoro nzira maro Michelson akuvadzwa yokupedzisira kukundwa vapanduki. Pugachev akaedza kutiza, asi akanga atengeswa Cossack navatariri, akasungwa uye mumaoko kuzviremera. MuMoscow, paitongwa Pugachev dzake dzepedyo, muna January 1775 akaurayiwa, asi kwatangwa murimi mudiki yokumukira mberi kwenguva refu.

Preconditions, zvikonzero, vadzidzi, kosi uye migumisiro Pugachev chimurenga

The tafura pazasi zvishoma inechirevo ichi chiitiko dzakaitika. Zvinoratidza imi uye kuti chii chinangwa muchirongwa yemuna, uye nei izvozvo vakakundwa.

Mark munhoroondo

Pashure pokukundwa Pugachev Ekaterina Velikaya akaedza kuita zvose kuti kuyeuka yemuna yakanyangarika nokusingaperi. Yakazopiwa zita rokuti Ural rwizi Yaik, Yaik Cossacks chakazozivikanwa sezvo Urals, Don Zimoveyskaya musha - the nzvimbo yechizvarirwo pamusoro Razin uye Pugachev - aiva Potemkin. Asi kukuru kushamisa umambo rakanga Pugachevskaya nyonganyonga richanyangarika pasina zvikasawanirwa munhau. Chinenge Chizvarwa chose chitsva yazvo nenzira Anoongororawo Zvaizobuda yemuna Emelyana Pugacheva vachimudana mutungamiriri gamba, ari gororo. Zvino saka muRussia - nechinangwa chakanaka nenzira dzisina kururama, akusungirire Tags, kubva yakachengeteka kure nguva.