Paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji: huru zvinhu uye unhu

Paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji inonzi socio-zvematongerwe enyika, iyo yakaumbwa uye yaiva nguva Iosifa Stalina utongi yechipiri yezana 1920s kusvikira 1953. Panguva iyi, Soviet Union akanzwawo kwemaindasitiri, collectivization, vanoverengeka mafungu zvougandanga. Socialism Stalin yaitonga - munhu chaiwo pevatongi ezvinhu ane murayiro upfumi uye yakafara utongi midziyo.

upfumi itsva

Chinhu chokutanga chokuita paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji - ichi ndicho nokukurumidza kwemaindasitiri, iyo yakaitwa USSR ari 1930s. Kamwe nesimba, kuti Bolsheviks ndokumutorera nyika yakaparadzwa nemakore akawanda ehondo yevagari vemo uye zvakakomba zvoupfumi. Naizvozvo, nokuti Kudzikamiswa webato inotungamirwa Lenin Ndakasarudza kuenda imwe pfungwa nzwisisa uye akatanga NEP. The zita rakapiwa itsva upfumi mutemo, izvo zvinoratidza kuvapo vakasununguka musika vachida.

NEP nekukurumidza kwaita kuti vavakezve nyika. Zvichakadaro, muna 1924, Lenin akafa. Power dzimwe nguva kuva seboka. Around achidzora webato chakabatikana inozvikudza Bolsheviks vamire kuti sangano iri October Revolution uye kukunda muna Civil War. Stalin zvishoma nezvishoma zvachose vakwikwidzi ayo ose. Panguva kwezana 1920s uye 1930s yaakagadzira kungovimba pevatongi simba. Asunga kodzero dzayo oga kutarisira chihombe mamiriro, General Munyori akatanga maindasitiri. Yakava hwaro chii aizokurumidza ngakuzivikanwe sezvo paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji.

Five-Year Plan

Hurongwa kwemaindasitiri kwaisanganisira anoverengeka pfungwa dzinokosha. It akatanga Absorção de Água evoruzhinji nemauto hwenyika. The National upfumi zvino aifanira kurarama kwemakore mashanu zvirongwa. Akadanidzira "upfumi muoti". Zvose zvinhu munyika vakakandirwa pasi pakuvaka mafekitari matsva.

Pakupedzisira, paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji vaikosha zvikuru kwemaindasitiri - pakasikwa muchina kugadzirwa mune bhizimisi uye dzimwe sectors hwenyika. Chinangwa charo chaiva kubva vakasara agrarian upfumi. The nyika asina zvakakwana ruzivo mudonzvo, uye Soviet Union yakanga dzakawanda nevamwe. Naizvozvo, Politburo akatsvaka kupa zveupfumi uye hwokugadzira rusununguko kubva West.

Kudzosera kwemaindasitiri akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze nokuda deflate mumusha pfuma, zvipfuwo zvikwereti, cheap basa, mujeri basa uye proletarian kufarira. "Saving Mode" anoyeuka zvose - pekugara, zvokudya, mubayiro. Hurumende akasika kwegadziriro utsinye kudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu nokusanyanya rinodyiwa kwayo. Muna 1928-1935 gg. munyika maiva makadhi govera. Kudzosera kwemaindasitiri achisunda dzidziso. simba Soviet akanga achiri akarota wenyika chimurenga uye vaitarisira kuti kushandisa pfupi zororo nokuda upfumi itsva, pasina iro hwaizodai hondo kuzorwa marudzi. Naizvozvo, makore kwemaindasitiri muna USSR (1930) kwakaguma kwete chete chidzoke imwe qualitatively akasiyana upfumi, asi kusimbisa munyika yokuzvidzivirira.

kugwinha kuvaka

Rokutanga urongwa-gore mashanu akauya 1928-1932 gg. New maindasitiri zvivako iyi akaonekwa kunyanya mune simba, simbi uye zvokuimba mapurani. zvirongwa nomumwe ichagadzirirwa mumwe kwemauto uye vamwe kukosha nzvimbo kwoupfumi (semuenzaniso, Kuzbass). Model chaiva chirongwa Dnieper, umo dzakavakwa Hydroelectric simba yemapurisa dhamu iri Dnieper.

Paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji akapa nyika itsva marasha uye metallurgia muzinda dzine deposits kuSiberia uye Urals. Asati vakawanda emakambani riri European chikamu USSR. Rokutanga urongwa-gore mashanu kuchinja zvinhu. Zvino, indasitiri Soviet zvaizoparadzirwa pamusoro munharaunda imwe nyika hombe nemaonero. Kutapurirana mabhizimisi kumabvazuva uye zvinosiyana zvikuru nokuda kutya eutungamiri enyika hondo pamwe seboka West.

In Stalin nguva paiva Dalstroy-akatendeuka goridhe kuchera muna Far East (kunyanya muna Kolyma). Munharaunda iyi, zviri kushingaira kushandiswa basa vasungwa Gulag. vanhu ava zvakavaka mabhizimisi akawanda rokutanga shanu. Naivowo vakachera yakakurumbira White Sea Canal, izvo ndokubatana European rwizi nembiya of USSR.

Aichinja kurima

Pamwe kwemaindasitiri collectivization - kuti ndizvo zvinoshanda paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji munzvimbo yokutanga. pezvakaitwa vaviri kufanana uye synchronously. Pasina mumwe paisazova mumwe. Collectivization - kuparadzwa private mapurazi mumusha uye kugadzwa zvakafanana mumapurazi, izvo zvave mumwe vanonyanya kutaurwa zvitsva mugovanisi hurongwa.

Wokutanga gumi Soviet, anochinja mune zvokurima nemauto ari mamiriro anenge asina chamboko. Mumapurazi dzaiwanika pamwe private emakambani nezvibhakera - chokwadi, yakazvimirira varimi of Western mhando. Vakanga enterprising vanhuwo zvavo watambira musha avhareji guru. Nokuti nguva yokuva paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji haana kungoita mabasa avo.

Muna 1929, wegumi gore yaOctober Revolution, munyori mukuru webato kusunungurwa inozivikanwa nyaya, "A Gore Great Change". It Stalin akazivisa kutanga chitsva zvoupfumi mumusha. Muna December, iye pachena nyaya haana kurambidza kulaks, uye kuti ariparadze seboka. Pakarepo pashure aya akateverwa vanonzi "collectivization".

cannibalization

Kupedza collectivization zviremera kushandisa nzira dzakafanana emauto. The musha zvidzidzo agitators Vakomonisiti kuenda. Kana zvinonyatsorehwa runyararo dzinokwidzwa murimi haana kuenda purazi uye havana kusiya upfumi hwake nomumwe, akanga vaidzvinyirirwa. Zvakataurwa kutorerwa pfuma.

Nezvibhakera vaionekwa varidzi kushandisa iri purazi mubayiro basa, vaitengeserana zvigadzirwa, vaiva churn kana mahwindimiri. All vakanga "kupatsanurwa" anenge 15-20% varimi vakanga vasingadi kupinda mumapurazi. Vazhinji vavo nemhuri dzavo dzakaendeswa kumisasa yechibharo, mujeri uye nhapwa. Vagari inokosha dzakadaro vachinyimwa kodzero dzavo.

"Nzwa dzungu ne Success"

Makore akawanda paitonga Stalin muenzaniso gutsaruzhinji akasiyana hwakakura utsinye. Local Bato mapazi uye pepanhau rinonzi "twa" kuzeza kumutsa ruvengo kuzorwa neboka vatorwa kuna kulaks uye mamwe pakaunda-kuipandukira. Middle vanhuwo zvavo uye dzakapfuma vavakidzani vavo, kazhinji akaramba kudzvinyirira. Vakanga achiuraya vaKomonisiti uye varongi akatuma collectivization akatizira kuguta uye moto mumapurazi, akacheka pachavo mombe dzavo. A dzakatevedzana chiito zvombo kwakanga kwatangwa. Hazvina kutora kwakarongerwa hunhu, uye nokukurumidza hurumende crackdown.

Village in Soviet nguva, wakarwadzisa paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji kwete chete. Nhanganyaya of nderwevaya panguva Civil War, kana vaburitsi okurima vaisungirwa kutora chikamu kukohwa kwavo hurumende, uyewo anosakadza nokuda varimi. The Bolsheviks nguva alternated kumanikidzwa uye kwakaderera ayo vomanikidza musha.

Muchirimo 1930, Stalin, ndakatya vakazvigadzirira kurwisa zviri kulaks, akanyora conciliatory nyaya "nzwa dzungu nokubudirira". collectivization Tempo zvishoma nehope. A wandei chikamu vanhuwo zvavo vakasiya mumapurazi. Zvisinei, udzvanyiriri rakazotanga muna kuwa. The vanoshingaira chokutambudzika collectivization yakaguma muna 1932, uye muna 1937 ari mumapurazi kwaisanganisira vanenge 93% mapurazi.

Zvikasabudiswa pfuma musha

Vazhinji zviri paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji dzakanga dzakashata yemudzimu totalitarianism uye mhirizhonga. Udzvanyiriri wakarurama kuvakwa kwenzanga itsva uye zvinotarisirwa yemberi yakajeka. Chimwe chikuru zviratidzo zviri mugovanisi upfumi mumusha vakatanga MTS - muchina uye tarakita zvechitima. Zvakavapo muna 1928-1958 biennium. MTS akapa mapurazi pamwe midziyo itsva.

Somuenzaniso, pakati tarakita Soviet vakava Stalingrad, ane fekitari muHondo Yenyika II kwave redeveloped kuva tangi. The seboka Hurumende aibhadhara unyanzvi pachavo zvigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, MTS zvinobudirira pumped kunze kwomusha mari. Mumakore mashanu makore USSR rokutanga vachishingaira aivigirwa zviyo kunze. Trade haana kurega kunyange panguva yatinenge nenzara mumapurazi. Ndakatengesa kutengeswa tsanga nezvimwe zvirimwa, utungamiri munyika yakawandisa kuenderera nokukurumidza kwemaindasitiri uye kuvaka itsva nemauto-maindasitiri kunzwisisa.

Kubudirira ari kuunganidza upfumi hwenyika panguva iyoyo kwakaita kuti njodzi mune zvokurima. vakawanda zvarisingazivi rukoko yakaparadzwa, varimi unyanzvi uye tichishingaira apo itsva papurazi racho kwaisanganisirei degeneration miduku yokuruwa. Dzivisa chibhakera akacheka mamiriyoni 26 mombe (anenge 45%). Vanhu kudzorerwa akatora makore 30. Kunyange itsva hwokurima michina haabvumirwi kuunza goho kupfuura kusvikira panguva NEP. Nhamba hadzina kubudirira yepamusoro basa, uye kuwedzera acreage.

Kubatanidzwa nomumwe pamusoro pehurumende uye webato

Pakati pezana remakore 1930s in Soviet Union pakupedzisira kuumbwa pevatongi gutsaruzhinji. Makore kudzvinyirira gwara kunge zvachose vanhu. Zvisinei, mugumo udzvanyiriri akauya chete yechipiri yezana 1930, uye dzakaguma nayo kunonyanya kukonzerwa okuparadza hondo Germany.

An chinokosha utongi hwechiKomonisiti yakanga kubatanidzwa nomumwe webato uye hurumende zvomukati - mubato iri rakazara kudzora zvemitemo basa uye dare, uye bato pachayo vakaita makabatisisa chete munhu mumwe. Total Stalin aiva mafungu wandei yomunyika yokuchenesa. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, havana pfungwa bato kana vechiuto, asi vakakanganisa uye vagari zvavo.

Rokuchenesa ari mubato nehondo

The udzvanyiriri kuitwa nokuchinja zita kuchengeteka mabasa (NKVD-MGB) kakawanda. Hurumende yakanga kudzora nharaunda yose kutandadzana uye upenyu, kubva zvemitambo uye unyanzvi kuti dzidziso. Kuti vagadzire "mutsetse chete" Stalin aigara nayo vose vaimushora mubato. Ndivo Bolsheviks zvevanhu vakuru, uyo aiziva General Secretary achiri pamutemo echimurenga. Vanhu vakaita Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin ( "Lenin kuti Guard") - vose vave vakawirwa anoratidza nemiedzo, apo ivo vakabvuma pachena vatengesi venyika Motherland.

Yepamusoro udzvanyiriri pamusoro vebato cadres wakauya muna 1937-1938. Panguva iyo kwaiva Kuchenesa of Red Army. yake yose murayiro maumbirwo rakaparadzwa. Stalin aitya hondo, dzakurukurwa kukanganisa simba rake pachake. Haana kutendera mukuru chete, asiwo pakati murayiro netsvimbo. Qualified vanachiremba vane ruzivo pamusoro Civil War, kunge anenge anyangarika. izvi zvose kumufambira muchiuto, iyo aifanira kutanga hondo yake guru makore mashomanana.

Chipembenene uye vavengi vevanhu

Wokutanga dzinoratidza nemiedzo, akatinhira munyika, kwakaitika ma1920. Ndivo "Shakhty yevarume" uye yavasina "Industrial Party". Panguva iyi, udzvanyiriri ndavhiyiwa hwokugadzira uye ouinjiniya nyanzvi. Iosif Stalin, paitonga iyo kwakaitika akatevedzana promotional mishandirapamwe, zvikuru kwazvo guru clichés uye zvisiri. In wokuzviisa pasi paiva akadai uye zviratidzo paraiitwa se "zvipukanana", "vavengi vevanhu", "cosmopolitans".

Achitendeukira udzvanyiriri rakatanga muna 1934. Asati kuti hurumende kuti tambudza yevagari, uye zvino atora pamusoro iconic bato nhengo. Kuti gore kwapfuura XVII Congress, rwakazokura kuzivikanwa so "Congress of vapfurwa." Zvakanditorera kuvhota kuti idzva zvayo munyori. Stalin akanga kuzodzosera akasarudzwa, asi vazhinji havana kutsigira candidacy ake. An mufananidzo rinokosha reCongress ari Sergei Kirov vose vaiona. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare akanga akapfurwa akafa nokuda asina kudzikama bato vashandi Nikolaev muna Smolny. Stalin vakashandisa mufananidzo wemufi pakati Kirov, zvichiita nazvo chiratidzo chitsvene. danidziro pamusoro vatengesi uye vamukira pakaziviswa kuti, sezvo akatsanangura anoparadzirwa, akaponda chinokosha nhengo dzebato uye kuenda vaiparadze.

Paiva nenzwi enyika Labels: nevachena, Zinoviev, Trotskyists. Intelligence vehurumende "akazarura" zvakavanzika sangano idzva, vachiedza kukuvadza nyika uye webato. basa Anti-Soviet ainzi aitwa anongoitika vanhu uye, sezvo mhanza kuti vawira pasi chando Rink pevatongi muchina. In zvikuru makore anotyisa ari NKVD mvumo mirayiro iri kuwanda akaurayiwa angaratidza, uye kuti zviremera zvemo aifanira zvakanaka kuita. The udzvanyiriri kuitwa pasi pomureza mukirasi kutamburira (the chinyorwa raitwa mberi ndechokuti zvikuru ibudirire achava kuvakwa gutsaruzhinji, zvikuru chakasimba anova kirasi hondo).

Musakanganwa kuita kuchenesa uye Stalin vakazvipfigiramo chaiyo mabasa, vane maoko uye zvidzidzo zvakawanda vaiurayiwa uye matare. NKVD akapona akawanda rutsigiro kwakadaro. Panguva zvavo kupfuura tichivenga vakauraya musoro dhipatimendi ichi - uye Yagoda, Yezhov. Uyewo, hurumende haatori maziso ake kure kubva intelligentsia. Vaiva nevanyori, firimu uye mitambo (Mandelstam, Bhabheri, Meyerhold), uye vanotanga, yefizikisi uye vagadziri (Landau, Tupolev, Korolev).

Paitonga Stalin gutsaruzhinji kwakaguma norufu mutungamiriri muna 1953, uchiteverwa ari Khrushchev nyungudika uye Brezhnev yakatanga gutsaruzhinji. Mune USSR, kunyatsoongorora zviitiko zvakasiyana zvichienderana ezvinhu. Khrushchev akauya simba XX Congress of CPSU akashora kunamatwa Stalin unhu uye ayo udzvanyiriri. Under Brezhnev, mufananidzo mutungamiri mukuru dzidziso kubatwa zvinyoronyoro.