Potr Nikitich Tkachov: Biography, mabhuku basa, aliases, political maonero

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - akakurumbira Russian echimurenga dzidziso pamusoro populism. Nyaya yacho iri zvakadzama yake Biography, maonero uye pfungwa.

Childhood makore okuyaruka

Petr Nikitich Tkachev akaberekwa musi June 29, 1844 muna muPskov mudunhu (musha Sivtsova). Vabereki vake vaiva yagara vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Peter First Nikititch akashanyira 2nd Petersburg jimunasiyamu. Zvadaro, kubva mugwaro rechishanu girama chikoro muna 1861 iye ndanyoresa pana St. Petersburg University mutemo fakaroti. Zvisinei, ongororo haana Peter Tkachev. Chokwadi ndechokuti munguva ino mudzidzi mhirizhonga rakatanga, zvichiguma yunivhesiti yakavharwa. Pakati pezvimwe vanoshingaira vechikamu nemhirizhonga idzi Tkachev yakatanga paakavapa muna Petro Paul Fortress (muna October), ipapo Kronstadt, rakanga yakabudiswa December.

Kudzivirira chinyorwa, rutivi echimurenga maonero

Mambo akarayira kuti kusiya Peter Nikitich muguta guru akapa amai vake. Tkachev ndisina mukana mberi nezvidzidzo zvavo payunivhesiti. Zvisinei, makore manomwe gare gare, achiri akapfuura bvunzo ake ave mudzidzi zvokunze, akapa chinyorwa chake uye akava anoda kubhabhatidzwa kurudyi. Zvishoma Papera, kushora Lavrov nokuda chokwadi kuti akanga akanyanya vakanyarara kubva echimurenga kufamba, Peter Nikitich akanyora nezvake kuti sezvo jimunasiyamu vasingazivi mumwe vanhu, kunze avo majaya muropa mudzidzi kuungana, sangano kuverenga makamuri, uye zvikoro Sunday, mafekitari kunotaurirana uye papurazi uye saizvozvo. mberi. agara kwete chete navo, asi pakati pavo, kunyange pandaiva munhare. Peter Nikitich Kusimbisa yepakarepo mhinduro vamwe zvinetso echimurenga kufamba akaumba maitiro zviri ake mugovanisi pfungwa.

Kuitawo echimurenga mibatanidzwa

Tkachev patinenge yake jimunasiyamu akatanga kuverenga mugovanisi mabhuku. Chakazozivikanwa vakajairana mumabhuku sydäntä uye Ogarev, nyaya Dobrolyubov uye Chernyshevsky. Nechekare mukutanga mundima chokuita 1860-62 biennium. (Vamwe vavo vakaenda mazita), Tkachev akadzidzisa murimi mudiki chimurenga. Iye pakupedzisira munzira chimurenga kubva 1861. Kubvira nguva Tkachev vaishingaira muzvirongwa mudzidzi sangano, zvokuti nguva zhinji pasi kusunga, kutsvaka, zvaisungwa. Peter Nikitich aigara pasi mapurisa nokuongororwa. Ari aipika jeri anenge ose gore.

Muna 1862, zvakanga akazarura nhengo dzaro kuti denderedzwa L. Olszewski. denderedzwa Izvi achigadzirira kubudisa mapepa akawanda, izvo akadana kupidigura mambo. Muna 1865 uye 1866 Petr Nikitich Tkachev akanga pedyo nesangano I. A. Hudyakova uye NA Ishutina, uye muna 1867 uye 1868 - kuti "Rublevskoe voruzhinji", uyo nhengo kuitwa mashoko ari achinyepera vaifamba vadzidzisi. Zvinonzi aizivikanwawo kuti Peter Tkachev muna 1868 vaiva Tauriranai "Smorgon", unova sangano mugadzi hwakagadzwa S. G. Nechaevym. Zvadaro, muna 1868-1869 gg., Peter Nikitich pamwe Nechayev aiva nhengo gozvo reDare St. Petersburg mudzidzi kufamba.

Kutanga mabhuku basa

In June 1862 akatanga mabhuku basa Petra Nikiticha. tarenda ake chaiko kwakaratidzwa 60s. Sezvo yokungotaura echimurenga Narodnichestvo, kupenya mutsoropodzi uye munyori Tkachev pamwe nemagazini akawanda mberi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yokutanga yenyaya yake chose kutsoropodzwa nezvakatongwa kuchinja, izvo hurumende aronga, zvikurukuru pakati echimurenga-democratic kupikiswa kumunetsawo. Vakanga yakabudiswa mumagazini inonzi "ichikosha" uye hama "Nguva" Dostoevsky, uyewo mu "Library Kuverenga".

Kujairirana zvinyorwa Marx

A nhamba nyaya zvakasikwa munguva kubvira 1862 kusvika 1864, Peter Nikitich zvinganaka pfungwa achichinja raivapo evanhu ukama Russia iri mugovanisi mitemo dzidzo rezvebonde mano nyika uye maindasitiri shamwari, kunyanya pasingagarwi nyika. Around nguva ino, akasangana nemamwe mabasa Karla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

Biography wake December 1865 kwakaratidza kuti "Russian shoko" kekutanga muna pamutemo venhau nyika yedu aisa huru chinyorwa pamusoro Marx chokuita zvinhu pamuviri kare, izvo akatanga mumashoko okutanga kusvika "nekuongorora kuti Political Economy". Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nenguva ino Tkachev akanga atotendeukira dzose Contributor magazini democratic maviri ( "Business" uye "Russian Shoko"). Iye akatsiva sezvo Pisarev, uyo akaisa muna Petro Paul Fortress. The pamusoro chinyorwa Peter Nikitich akasimudzira mune ramangwana, zvakanaka? mukududzira dzavo, zvishoma nyore.

Kuita Tkachev maonero

Muna 1868, Tkachev P. N. I yakadhindwa kuti bumbiro iri International mushanduro (mu mashoko okuwedzera ari mubhuku rinonzi vaBhekeri), uyewo mutemo National Bank of Proudhon. Peter Nikitich maonero pakazopera pakati 1860s yakatanga yakananga pfungwa. Akadana kuti zvematongerwo enyika uye munzanga chimurenga munyika. Pfungwa iyi inotaurwa muna rakabudiswa mudenderedzwa Tkachev uye Nechaeva "Program pamusoro echimurenga chiito."

Peter uye Paul nhare

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti zvakawanda zvaakanyora Tkachev PN nomuzariro kana regai vapfuure kusenza ezvinhu, kana vakasarudzwa muna dzakawanda kusungwa. Apo, munguva inotevera mudzidzi nokusagadzikana (mu March 1869) Tkachev akasungwa zvakare, akasunda kamwe 3 mabhuku mhosva. Wokutanga wavo - nokuti chisikwa uye Bhuku chikumbiro "kuti vanhu!", Izvo vakasuma zvinodiwa vadzidzi; wechipiri - nokuti racho kuunganidza pasi zita "Ray", rakabudiswa pachinzvimbo wakarambidzwa 'Russian shoko "racho; wechitatu - nokuti chokwadi kuti akabudisa bhuku "The basa mubvunzo" E. vaBhekeri. Panguva ino Peter uye Paul Fort Peter Nikitich yaiva nzvimbo yevasungwa kwemakore anenge mana. Pakutanga 1873 Tkachev akatuma kuutapwa muna Ruka Great musha. Kubva ipapo, akatiza kunze tichibatsirwa M. Kupriyanov zvakare echimurenga.

Kurarama uyu, gakava Shona uye Lavrov

basa Magazine, kwedzimwe kusungwa, hunoramba uchivandudzwa muna 1872. Tkachev zvakare akatanga kubudisa nyaya yavo "Chikonzero". Zvisinei, haana wemasaini navo zita rake uye mazita akasiyana-siyana (All chete, P. Grachioli, P. Gy Lee, wakawondereiko kudai PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

In London uye Geneva Peter Nikitich imwe nguva vakashanda P. L. Lavrovym (asian ake anopiwa pamusoro) kugadzirira racho inonzi "Forward!". Kunyange zvakadaro, yatova wokutanga matanho akatorwa muutapwa, kwakaratidzwa chakakomba gakava Shona uye Lavrov. Muna 1874 iri Zurich uye London dzakabudiswa Tkachev bhurocha "echimurenga manyepo mabasa ..." uye "Open tsamba Fridrihu Engelsu." Gakava iri pakarepo kuisa Peter Nikitich iri kure nzvimbo kunze.

Literature mubvakure Shona, Lavrov nevamwe akamira siyanei nzvimbo pane Peter Nikitich. Musimboti Kusawirirana zviviri ndechokuti Tkachev akaona hondo enyika sechinhu chakakosha chinodiwa remangwana chimurenga. Zvisinei, basa vakawanda yaakanzwa kurerutswa chii vasingagoni kugamuchira zvakawanda vanotodzoka Russian. Maererano naye, echimurenga vashoma unofanira kuhwina simba, kuti asimbise chitsva mamiriro, aite echimurenga kusanduka, achitaura zvinodiwa vanhu. The yokupedzisira anogona chete kubatsirwa zvabuda. Peter Tkachev aikanganisa maonero ayo kuti umambo haana munzanga ivhu kuRussia, kuti haisi kuti zvido imwe kirasi. Friedrich Shona, uyewo, mune nyaya akanyora kushora Tkachev akati maonero kuti vaiona dzenhando.

bhuku rendangariro "Alarm"

Peter Nikitich, vachibuda "! Forward", Found vatsigiri pakati mudenderedzwa "Cercle Muranda" (mu mushanduro - "necheSalvic denderedzwa"), izvo zvabatanidzwa Russian-kuPoland. Uchibatsirwa wavo, Tkachev, muna 1875 akatanga kubudisa magazini "Alarm" kuGeneva. Mumagazini ino, akatora chinzvimbo mupepeti. Magazini iyi yaiva Jacobin nhengo kutungamirira pedyo Blanquism, Revolutionary populism. Tkachev iyi akaratidza mugovanisi maonero ake pachena, vachikurukura nyaya yokungotaura zvikapa kururamisirwa gutsaruzhinji, nzira uye mazano ari echimurenga hondo. Mumagazini inonzi "Alarm" Peter Nikitich vakaperekedza polemics pamwe P. L. Lavrovym uye M. A. Bakuninym. pfungwa dzake, izvo haana zvikuru zvazvinoita, uye kazhinji kunovhiringidza pakutanga, akatanga kutsvaka vatsigiri pakuguma 1870s. Zvino sezvo zvaitika vanoshandura kuipandukira Russian netsika enyika uye munzanga uye zvinodiwa echimurenga hondo.

"Vanhu Liberation Society"

Muna 1877, Peter Nikitich pamwe chete nevateveri vake vakakwanisa kuronga "National Liberation Society." Izvi zvachose conspiratorial kushamwaridzana hwakasikwa kushandisa Blanquist Communards kubva France (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant and said.). The Company hwaro mabasa ayo vamwe madenderedzwa Russian (semuenzaniso, I. M. Kovalskogo muna Odessa uye Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, muna 1880, akashanda mupepanhau "Kana Mwari kana tenzi" Blanqui.

Zvisinei, kusasarura pamusoro Peter Nikitich akaramba akasimba kwazvo. Saka kuti "Narodnaya Volya" (mumashoko V. I. Lenina, mabasa ayo dzakagadzirira dzematongerwe Tkachev) vakaramba kubatana ne "Alarm", iro kare rakanga akafunga. "WaNebhati" kurega bhuku pashure pfupi kusunungurwa muna 1881 mune rimwe pepanhau.

Publication pasi mazita akasiyana-siyana

Tkachev, kugara kune imwe nyika, akaramba kuti kubudiswa yepamutemo Russian venhau pasi mazita akasiyana-siyana, izvo (zvose zvakafanana, Grachioli P. and said.), Isu kare dzakanyorwa. Somumwe vashandi kiyi "kuita" Peter Nikitich yakabudisa nyaya dzakawanda pauzivi, mutemo, nhoroondo, pedagogy, zvoupfumi uye vamwe. Zvisinei, kamwe mupepeti remagazini ino, GE Blagosvetlov akafa, pamwe haana kudaro nguva dzose. nyaya All Kashoma akazviratidza Tkachev. Zvaiita kuti mabhuku uye echimurenga basa Petra Nikiticha anopera, asi chaizvoizvo zvakanga zvisina kudaro.

To musi, takadzidza zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva pamusoro okupedzisira oupenyu hwake kuutapwa Tkachev. Ivo vanoti Russian mabhuku mutsoropodzi uye echimurenga akaramba achishingaira kusika. Recently Ndakakwanisa kuwana mugovanisi pepanhau "Alarm" ( "Le Tocsin"), yakabudiswa rwezasi France (mu Narbonne) muna 1882. Editorials nokuti zvakanyorwa Tkachev, uyo kuvigwa zita rake pasi rekunyepedzera "Gracchus". Ungangove, mashoko pachaunga anogona kunzi okupedzisira.

Sezvo November 1882 Tkachev, chirwere chacho mberi, zvokuti akanga ari muchipatara. Peter Nikitich akafa muParis musi December 23, 1885. Vakasarudzwa mabasa naro nokusingaperi munhoroondo chimurenga.

Kwouzivi maonero Tkachev

Pakutanga, zvakadaro mupfumi uye siyana mabasa Tribune-wenhau-enyika pasina nzvimbo uzivi chakakomba kana iye anopiwa omurume, evasingatombonamati netsaona basa. Zvechokwadi, kubva pamutemo pfungwa pachayo Petr Nikitich Tkachev, sokuti, unotibatsira chikonzero kubvuma ichi. Pashure pezvose, aiva anotyisa achitsoropodza zvose hurongwa kwouzivi.

Zvisinei, mune imwe nyaya yake yokutanga (sezvo anobudiswa 1863 "Mutemo metaphysics") Tkachev ayo purogiramu zvinhu uzivi. Akati kuti aifanira kuvaka wechokwadi, zvibereko, kurarama uzivi, riri mutorwa chero mhando metaphysics. Zvinofanira kubatanidza pamwe chete penhindi sayenzi magariro nechisimba chikaparara. uzivi Iri magariro evanhu sainzi. Zvinofanira kubatsira voruzhinji.

Tkachev somunhu munyori kazhinji paanodzoka dambudziko uzivi zvakanaka. In zvaanofunga, chinofanira kuva hwaro kuchinja nyika, huchashandiswa sainzi, chinoumba munyika wechokwadi. Somunhu enyika Petr Nikitich Tkachev zvikuru yakatanga zvinetso pokuchinja, evanhu, nokururamisira uye anonzwisisa kurongeka munzanga. Akadana nzvimbo yake ouzivi "realism" (kana rationality).

Heunoi kuziva munhu akanga Petr Nikitich Tkachev. Interesting zvinhu nezvake zvinenge zvose chokuita chimurenga, aakataura chose upenyu hwake hwose.