Free varimi - kirasi unokosha Russia

Russia muna nemipfumbamwe remakore aifanira kugadzirisa zviviri zvinokosha dzakakosha. Vave pamusoro wenyaya kubva pakutanga remakore uye hanya serfdom uye autocracy.

Zvaitongwa Russian chamber

Alexander I rakatanga dzinotevedzana kuedza zvimwe kugadzirisa murimi mudiki mubvunzo vakava kukamura uchishandisa. Izvi, Chokwadi, rondedzera zvikurukuru mitemo muna 1801 uye 1803 vake. Wekutanga akaita kuti varimi Russian pamusoro ndima nemamwe matunhu kutenga nyika yavo, saka kuparadza huripo chindingindingi pakati kwamachinda iri nhaka pfuma. Wechipiri, iro vakaburuka munhau sezvo "Chirevo vakasununguka varimi", akaitirwa kuona hurongwa nekodzero dzevanhu kana kusiya varimi nyika. Recent Saka aifanira kubhadhara landlords nokudzikinurwa Yakabudiswa, nokudaro kuwana pfuma yomumwe uye mugove.

In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chirevo ichi aigona kushandisa zviyero mashoma. Saka musi uyu chiyero haana kukanganisa chaizvo nokushanda kwenhengo serfdom hurongwa.

Mumakore rokutonga Alexander First -siyana zvaungasarudza dzave dzichitaurwa kuti mhinduro iyi mibvunzo pane zvakaoma asi nokukurumidza. Projects nokuti kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo uye akapa Mordvinov Arakcheyev, Guriev uye Kankrin.

murimi mudiki mubvunzo

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kubvira 1801 burghers, vatengesi uye vanhuwo zvavo hurumende akanga abvumirwa kuti kutenga kana kutengesa isingagarwi nyika, mamiriro ezvinhu kuitika mu Russia chaiva kugadzikana. Gore negore akava kuwedzerwa. Saka A serf kuva zvishoma kunobudirira. Uyezve, mamiriro iyi vanhuwo zvavo wakatsamwisa ino- tsutsumwa kwete chete navo. Vaiva vasingagutsikane vamiririri mamwe makirasi. Zvisinei ubvise serfdom , hurumende tsarist zvisinei haana kuzoshinga: kwamachinda, munda yokuva ropafadzo, vaiona vatsigiri chamambo, categorically vasingabvumirani kuchinja zvinoshamisa kudaro. Naizvozvo, mambo aifanira kusiya, achifambisa pakati kuchiva vepamusoro uye zvinodiwa upfumi.

Year 1803: "Chirevo pamusoro vakasununguka kuvarimi"

Aiva chinokosha Pfungwa zvainoreva Russia. Mushure zvose, ndicho chokutanga munhau yakanga aifarirwa mukana kuzosunungura vanhuwo zvavo, pamwe chete pasi kutsiva rudzikinuro. nzvimbo iyi yaiva chikuru chezvinonhuwira kuti 1861 kuchinja zvinhu kwakazoitwa gore. Chakagamuchirwa muna February 1803 maviri "chirevo pamusoro vakasununguka varimi" kwakapa mukana varimi kuti asunungure vose mumwe nomumwe uye rose misha, uye mutemo unoti nenyika mugove. Nokuti zvavanoda, vaifanira kubhadhara rudzikinuro kana kuita mabasa. Kana varimi sungiro haana asangana, vakanga vadzokera vomuridzi womunda. Kirasi kuti vakawana Saka ainzi akasununguka. Zvisinei, nhoroondo sei vakauya wevarimi vakasununguka. Kubvira 1848, vakatanga kudana hurumende vanhuwo zvavo. Uye vava huru kukonzera pave nemasango, nemavhinga pfuma kweSiberia.

The Implementation pamusoro chirevo choupenyu

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore pahwaro mutemo uyu asunungurwa anenge zana vanhuwo zvavo-varume zviuru makumi mashanu. Muchiitiko chino, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti migumisiro "Chirevo vakasununguka varimi" kuti kushanda muRussia kwemakore anopfuura hafu yezana remakore, vaiva vashomanana.

Vawira boka chaiyo, "varimi vakasununguka" vatopiwa zvino uye vaigona kurasa kunyika yavo. Vaikwanisa kutakura mitoro kuvinga vabatsirwe reRussia wehurumende. Zvisinei, maererano nenhamba yose yokutonga Alexander vari kokuyerera yavo vakapfuura asingasviki pahafu muzana uwandu serfs.

Somuenzaniso, kubva 1804 kusvika 1805 munharaunda reBaltic vanhuwo zvavo dvorohozyaevam zvazvo kupiwa rusununguko, asi nokuda akapa kwokurangana aburuka Estates, vaifanira kuramba kutakura mhosva uye serfdom, uye rents. Uyezve, varimi vakasununguka havasiyiwi kubva muchiuto.

prerequisites

Kuwedzera pamusoro apa zvikonzero, mumwe neNharireyomurindi "Chirevo vakasununguka varimi" chaiva chaizvo chiitiko. Count Sergei Rumyantsev, anozivikanwa nokuda kwake okunyanyisa maonero, akataura chido chake kusunungura vamwe serfs dzavo, pamwe chete nenyika. Panguva iyoyowo, akaisa mberi mamiriro kuti vanhuwo zvavo aifanira kubhadhara nokuda nzvimbo dzavo. Ndizvo yakadaro chikumbiro Count Rumyantsev kumutongi woumambo, kuti akabvumira kuti vadzvinyirire kutengeserana.

Nyaya akava chinodiwa Alexander akabudisa sebenzi Chirevo, pashure izvo kuRussia uye vakanga vakasununguka kuvarimi.

chirevo zvinhu

Mutemo gumi pfungwa akaitwa, zvichienderana iyo:

1. Muridzi womunda aigona enfranchise vanhuwo zvavo dzavo munyika. Panguva iyoyo aifanira pachake kutaurirana pamwe nhare dzayo pamusoro ezvinhu yokudzikinurwa wayo yekuita mitoro.
2. Wazvipira pakavakirwa kuronga, ruoko, zvigopiwa.
3. Kana murimi akasaaita, iye nemhuri yake vaifanira kudzokera pasi chokuita muridzi.
4. Vasunungurwa serfs aifanira kunzi akasununguka.
5. Free varimi vane kodzero kuenda nenzira yakasiyana kirasi: kuva nyanzvi dzokugadzira kana vatengesi, etc ...
6. Sei kutsamwa uye hurumende vanhuwo zvavo vaisungirwa kubhadhara mutero kuna hurumende. Panguva iyoyo vaifanira kuita basa rechiuto.
7. Mutongi varimi vanofanira panguva iyoyo urongwa sezvo hurumende vanhuwo zvavo.
8. Wakabatanidza serfs vanenge hwakazadzika landlords zvavaifanira, pachena kusandura nyika yavo Holdings. Vaigonawo kutamira kurarama mamwe mapurovhinzi, pachine nekuzivisa Exchequer.
9. Free varimi akagamuchira zvakanaka mamiriro.
10. Kana nyika murimi, kana akanga aisa, ipapo akumbirwa aimbova muridzi akatora pamusoro chikwereti kubva chikwereti mvumo.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti muridzi havagoni kushandisa kuwana kodzero, saka chirevo akanga chete Advisory zvakasikwa uye kwete fanira.