Makore Renaissance. General zvechadenga Renaissance

Epochal nguva munhoroondo tsika yenyika, iyo asati ano uye chikatsiviwa yeMiddle Ages, akapa zita Renaissance, kana rumutsiriro. Era nhoroondo anodzokera kwezana remakore rechi14 muItaly. emakore anoverengeka rinogona kuzivikanwa sezvo panguva inotungamirwa rutsva, munhu uye maonero paNyika yenyika, iyo ine nomuzvarirwo zvenyika. pfungwa Progressive vari mudzidziso Humanism.

Makore Renaissance uye pfungwa

Isai nguva puranga kwakaoma zvokuti Fani iyi munhoroondo tsika yenyika. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nokuti panguva Renaissance, nyika dzose European vakabatana panguva dzakasiyana. Vamwe apfuura, vamwe gare gare, nokuda lag ari socio-zvoupfumi. Inotorwa misi anganzi kutanga wa14 uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechi16. Makore Renaissance vanoonekwa ne kutaura Panyanzvi hunhu netsika wayo humanization, maruva kufarira kare. With vapedzisira, sezvinei, kunobatanidzwa zita iri kumwedzi. Pane kumutsidzirwa tsika yekare, ayo Implementation iri European nyika.

General zvechadenga Renaissance

Izvi chinokosha kukura tsika dzevanhu pamusana kuchinja European munzanga uye ukama mairi. An rinokosha iri kuridzwa ne kuwa Byzantine Empire, kana vagari vayo vakatizira chirwirangwe kuna Europe, vachiuya nazvo raibhurari, mabasa ounyanzvi, akasiyana-siyana zvinyorwa zvekare, wamboonekwa. Kuwedzera maguta kwaita nokusimbaradza pokudzora zvavo makirasi nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vatengesi, vokubhengi. Achishingaira akatanga kuonekwa nzvimbo yakasiyana ounyanzvi uye nesayenzi, basa iyo chechi hakuchisina kudzorwa.

Makore rokutanga Renaissance akaita kuverenga wayo tsamwisa kuItaly, ndiko kufamba ichi chakatanga munyika ino. Initial zviratidzo zvakava kuoneka 13-14 emakore, asi simba nzvimbo zvaida muzana remakore rechi15 (gore rechi20), richisvika kunonyanyisa kukura kusvika kumugumo wayo. Muna Renaissance (kana kudzosera) rakakamurwa mana nguva. Ngatikurukurei navo zvizere.

Protorenessans

Nguva iyi Mikoko pamusoro rechipiri hafu 13-14 emakore. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvose misi chokuita Italy. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi nguva inomiririra regadziriro pavaipfuura Renaissance. It conditionally inogona rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: vasati uye pashure pokufa kwake (1137) Giotto od Bondone (chivezwa hunomirirwa), munhu anokosha munhoroondo mifananidzo Western, mapurani uye mifananidzo.

Okupedzisira makore Renaissance nezvenguva chokuita denda denda akarova Italy uye yose Europe yose. Protorenessans chokuita Middle Ages, Gothic, Romanesque, Byzantine tsika. The anokosha ari kuonekwa nevanhu Giotto, uyo achidonongodza chikuru dzinoitwa painting, yakanongedzera nzira iyo kwayo kukura kwabva mberi.

Panguva yokutanga Renaissance

Pakazosvika nguva akatora makore makumi masere. The nguva yokutanga Renaissance, ayo dzinoratidzwa makore mashoma chaizvo munzira mbiri, kwakaitika muna 1420-1500 gg. Art haana zvasiya zvachose kubva Ages tsika, asi achishingaira anowedzera zvinhu akakweretwa kubva dzekare. Kufanana kuwedzerazve gore negore pasi pokudzora kuchinja zvemupiro evanhu kwezvakatipoteredza, pane kutadza yakazara vemifananidzo kubva kare uye yezwi rekare unyanzvi sezvo pokupedzisira pfungwa.

Baba nguva yokutanga Renaissance anonzi kuva painter Masaccio, uyo akanga achibva Florence. Kunhonga pfungwa vamutangira, iye akauya kuna basa rake rinenge palpable sculptural zvitarisiko pamusoro kanivhasi.

Period High Renaissance

Ndicho porusvingo, yepamusoro pakati Renaissance. Panguva iyi Renaissance (Makore 1500-1527) yasvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo, uye pakati pokudzora Italian Ndiwe kwakaita kubva Florence kuRoma. Zvino maererano accession kuna papa choushe Julius II, uyo aiva mberi kwazvo, vakashinga runako, aiva murume enterprising uye chinzvimbo. Iye akakwevera guta husingaperi yakanakisisa vemifananidzo uye vavezi vemabwe dzose pamusoro Italy. Panguva ino Hofori chaiwo Renaissance akasika ounyanzvi zvavo, izvo yose kufarira nhasi.

Late Renaissance

It anofukidza nguva nguva kubva 1530 kusvika pamakore 1590-1620. Development mutsika uye uri iyi ndiyo saka heterogeneous uye vakasiyana-siyana kuti kunyange dzekare regai kutapudza kuti chimwe dhinomineta. Maererano masayendisiti British Renaissance pakupedzisira Akadzimwa panguva paiva kuwa Rome, kureva muna 1527. Southern Europe yakanga vakawira muna Counter-Reformation, iyo akaisa "muchinjikwa" chero freethinking, kusanganisira kumuka tsika yekare.

The dambudziko pfungwa uye kupokanidzana munyika maonero somugumisiro muFlorence kwakaguma Mannerism. Style izvo zvaizobatsira artificiality uye kusawirirana, kurasikirwa nepakati pakati mupfungwa nomumuviri zvinoriumba tinoberekwa Renaissance. Somuenzaniso, muna Venice rakanga ayo budiriro mugwagwa pachake imomo kusvikira pakuguma 1570s vaisanganisira vatenzi akadai Titian uye Palladio. basa ravo kugara kure dambudziko, yo unyanzvi reRoma uye Florence. The Photo kanivhasi Titian "Isabella kuti Portugal."

The vatenzi makuru Renaissance

Three kukuru Italian - nayo titans of Renaissance, ayo aikosha korona:

1. Leonardo da Vinci. Unhu munhoroondo yevanhu iri kupenya zvechokwadi uye nemamwe. Akanga asiri chete guru rokupenda uye muvezi, asi musayendisiti, zvakasikwa, muvambi, munyori uye mapurani. Vomunguva inozivikanwa se zvakawanda kwenguva shoma mifananidzo, kusanganisira kunozivikanwa Mona Lisa Mona Lisa (mu mufananidzo), ari kutadza kunzwisisa kuti masayendisiti havarovi remakore rokutanga.
2. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Makore oupenyu zvinhu uye - 1475-1564. Chokutanga, anonzi muvezi uye rokupenda. Uye wokutanga zviso ayo zvikuru raidudzwa uye zvinooneka kunyange mifananidzo. basa rake guru raiva muRoma uye Florence. The shasha kuti Michelangelo kuti zvakazara kwakaratidzwa kana kupenda ari Sistine Chapel, waiva kuratidzwa yebhaibheri nyaya, uye hunoratidza zvidimbu 300, uye hapana akafanana imwe. Uye tuore "Kutongwa Kwokupedzisira,", Ensemble ari mativi ose Capitol, rising Vatican Council, chifananidzo waDhavhidhi, murwiyo "Pieta" (yaifananidzira pamusoro) uye zvakawanda.
3. Rafael Santi. Chimwe tisaone unhu Renaissance. mudzidzisi wake aiva baba P.Perudzhino, tenzi. Ndizvo ndeake inoonekwa zvakajeka mabasa mukutanga kumwedzi. The kupfuura akakwana basa rake riri kuonekwa kuti Sistine Madonna (aimiririra).

All mishonga yavo - ndiwo akanakisisa, vakatsaurwa maparera ounyanzvi nyika, izvo vakaungana Renaissance. Makore zvaanopfuura, kwakatsiva remakore, asi mabasa vatenzi makuru - kubva nguva.