KweArctic mudungwe wemabhazi wokutanga munhau

Gore rino Uratidze makumi mashanu makore kusvikira zuva, apo mauto akatanga kupinda Murmansk cargoes yakapiwa America neBritain kurwisa muvengi zvakafanana - Nazi Germany. Kukurukura kwavo zvikuru rakaoma, asi zvakaipisisa kudiwa unopinza, uye kutanga kwayo vakaisa yokutanga kweArctic mudungwe wemabhazi, akaburuka munhau pasi zita "Dervish".

Zvakare akabvunza zvakaitika emakore akapfuura

Arctic convoys Hondo Yenyika II yakanga kuenderera tsika, iyo yakatangwa nokuda vokuSpain kare XVI remakore. In avo yakapfuura nguva, ivo convoyed galleons zvifambiswe mhiri Atlantic zvematani egoridhe nesirivha, chakabiwa kuSouth America. Sezvo kutevera aine mutoro yakadaro yakanga ngarava ine ngozi chaizvo rakaungana mumigwagwa Havana, uye kare pasi chifukidziro Spanish kwepfuti, akafamba mhiri expanses nemadandemutande kubudikidza Pirates Chirungu.

Naizvozvo, kana iri July 1941, Moscow uye London kunge dzakasaina chibvumirano pamusoro yakawiriranwa zviito mukurwisa Germany uye Churchill akavimbisa rubatsiro Stalin mune zvose nesimba rake, Britain akarangarira nzira kuti, izvo makore mana apfuura, gungwa vatakuri ravane dzavo hasha vomunyika.

Izvi zvakaratidza kuva zvikuru, nekuti masvondo maviri chete Soviet Union dzakasaina chibvumirano ne United States pamusoro zvokuyamura muchiuto, reCongress iyo vakatanga mamiriro purogiramu chingashamwaridzana masimba nerubatsiro zvombo, midziyo, chikafu nemishonga, aizivikanwa munhau pasi nezita Zvipire-Lease. Panyaya iyi, mubvunzo zvizere vakasimuka - sei kununura mitoro vatsigiri vari zvengarava Soviet.

Nzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko

Pane zvingaitwa vatatu dambudziko iri. Imwe nzira yaiva kuburikidza Pacific Ocean, asi nokuti vose Soviet Far Eastern chengarava Vladivostok akanga chete chokuita rails pamwe kumberi-mutsetse nzvimbo. vatsigiri vake berths aigara chakasungirirwa zvikepe, uye, pasinei nokuti Trans-Siberian njanji yaiva nekaupenyu pasi bandwidth munguva yehondo yaiva pamusoro payo wanunurwa 47% rechiuto nhumbi. Asi dambudziko rakanga kuti ichi nzira zvikuru nguva unoparadza.

Chechipiri, uye kupfuura kuchengeteka nzira akamhanyira kuburikidza Persian Gulf uye Iran. Zvisinei, nokuda zvekushandisa matambudziko, vakakwanisa kushandisa chete pakati 1942, apo rubatsiro zvaida kuti kumberi pakarepo. Naizvozvo kuchamhembe arctic convoys ndiro yechitatu pachake hurukuro nenhumbi vaibata omubatanidzwa murayiro akanga akawanda zvakwakanakira pamusoro mamwe maviri.

Chokutanga, zvaida zvishoma nguva. Arctic mudungwe wemabhazi aigona kununura nhumbi muna gumi chete - mazuva gumi, uye chepiri Arkhangelsk uye Murmansk, apo Kudzikisa, pedyo zvokuti nzvimbo ruvengo uye kuti pakati munyika.

Zvisinei, nzira iyi yaiva hwakazara panjodzi unobva pakuti ngarava dzakanga kwakamanikidzwa mhenderekedzo muNorway, ine vokuGermany. A chinokosha chikamu nzira vaifanira kukurira chaipo pedyo airfields uye wengarava nezvigadziko muvengi. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvose, saizvozvo kwakanga hunokosha, uye kweArctic omubatanidzwa convoys pakati 1941-1945 vakaita rakakura kukundwa nomuvengi. Kunyanya kukuru basa ravo rakanga riri gore hondo yokutanga.

wiring nzira yokufambisa midziyo

Kuti tiratidze zvichibvira kurwisa muvengi, omubatanidzwa murayiro nzira yakagadzirwa, nemhaka iyo kweArctic mudungwe wemabhazi aigona kuwana nhumbi sezvinobvira. Transports dzakavakwa kwete chete karavhani, uye pfupi mukai mbiru, anozunungusa pamberi pa rebei kure mumwe, uye kakawanda kuchinja mararamiro. Izvi kwete chete rinobvumira zvimwe zvokufambisa kudzora navo, asi akasika mamwe kunzwisisa imwe yepasi pemvura German.

Kuti tikurire Ngarava dzepasi pemvura zvakagadzirirwa diki chikepe perekedza, iine minesweepers, frigates uye kuvaparadzi. Vaenda chinhambwe kubva zvikepe vakaperekedza navo. Kunze kwavari, kurwa basa rinoitwa zvikepe makuru, vachiuya pedyo pamhenderekedzo, uye inoitirwa kuti tiratidze muvengi pamusoro mauto uye avhiyesheni.

Mumazana nzira kusvikira Bear Island, iri kumadokero weGungwa Barents, kuchamhembe kweArctic convoys pasi kudzivirira kuBritain nezvikepe uye mhepo simba. Panguva mukunopera, basa iri akawira vezvikepe Soviet uye airmen.

Arctic omubatanidzwa convoys 1941-1945, dzakaumbwa, uye vakatora zviri nhumbi dzavo akabata nenzira wokuScotland pachiteshi, iri apo panopinda Loch U. Uyezve, nzira yavo akarara muna Reykjavik, apo ngarava akamhanya mafuta matangi, uye ipapo vakatevera kuti kuenda. Tichifunga echando mamiriro, vachitevera nzira wakaradzikwa napo kuchamhembe. Izvi zvakaitwa kuti maximize chinhambwe kubva kumhenderekedzo, kubatikana nomuvengi.

Zviviri zvakasiyana pfungwa maonero

Zvinofadza kuona chimwe nechimwe chiri makore iwayo, mhaka mamwe nokusawirirana pakati muSoviet vehondo uye dzavo British dzomuzana. Maererano mirayiridzo nekanzuru Admiralty kuti Her mambo, uye rinoshanda warships zvose, kwete chete avo vakanga chikamu kweArctic convoys, zvekufambisa, wakaremara kana kurasika muhondo zvakanaka, vashandi kuchinjirwa kune mumwe dare, uye vakatsvaka torpedoes uye takaenda pasi.

Izvi zvakaitwa nokuti upenyu vafambisi vechikepe wakaiswa kumusorosoro zvaioneka yesangano, uye chero kuedza kuponesa chikepe kufa pasi navo kuti chinouraya ngozi. Kunyange kubva zvinoshanda divi, Britain aidavira kuti kugadzirira vomuzana kirasi rikarira, zviri kwakaoma kupfuura kuvaka chikepe. Izvi zvakanga zvachose pachena kurutivi Soviet, uye kazhinji akapa chikonzero chokupomera vatsigiri mukuedza kurwira pachiteshi chengarava wemapoka nhumbi sezvo shoma sezvinobvira.

rombo rakanaka, kuva pamwe "Dervish"

Yokutanga Arctic mudungwe wemabhazi, bumbiro-anonzi "Dervish", akasiya chengarava Reykjavik, 21 August 1941. Chaiva nhanhatu British ngarava uye mumwe Soviet. vakachengeteka zvavo kunosimbiswa nomwe minesweepers uye kuvaparadzi maviri. Zvakanaka richisvika archangel, August 31, transports waburuswa kumahombekombe nemashanu "Hurricane" vanodzima, vanenge zviuru zvina udzamu mhosva, vanoverengeka gumi nembiri marori, uyewo matani rabha, shinda uye ose yunifomu.

Arctic omubatanidzwa convoys ose 1941-1945. Mishumo vaiva murayiro yekubvuma zita rinotanga tsamba PQ. Yakanga tsamba nezita British Admiralty mukuru Peter Kvilina (Peter Quelyn) chokutanga, riri basa rokuronga kuchengetedza zvifambiso midziyo. Zvichitevera tsamba akaenda kutevedzana nhamba inotevera mudungwe wemabhazi. Zvokutakurisa, achiuya negwara, runotaurwa QP, uye vane kutevedzana nhamba.

Yokutanga Arctic mudungwe wemabhazi, akaburuka munhau sezvo PQ-0, yakasvika Arkhangelsk pasina matambudziko kunyanya nokuti murayiro German, pfungwa "blitzkrieg" - mheni hondo, aitarisira kupedza Eastern rati kunyange asati kutanga yechando, uye havana mari yakakwana kuteerera zvaiitika kweArctic. Zvisinei, pazvakava pachena kuti hondo yaizova yakareba Zvinotambudza kweArctic convoys awana inokosha.

Wevasungwa mauto muvengi ari pakurwisana omubatanidzwa convoys

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pashure May 1941 flagship yeBritain yakanga dzanyura yokuGermany Navy yehondo "Bismarck", Hitler akarambidza zvikwata zvavo zvose pamusoro zvikepe kupinda muhondo yakazaruka kuna British. Chikonzero chaiva nyore chaizvo - akatya kamwe zvakare kupa chikonzero muvengi kuti mhemberero. Zvino mufananidzo yachinja.

Mukutanga Muchando 1942 munharaunda yacho inobvira pakuonekwa British convoys vakanga pakarepo muAtlantic matatu sevatsvaki vemapuranga inorema uye mumwe chiedza. Mukuwedzera, vaifanira kutsigira vaparadzi shanu uye Ngarava dzepasi pemvura namashanu. In zvakafanana neizvi, nhamba ndege akanga akavakirwa pa airfields muNorway, yakawedzera kuti anokwana zviyero mazana mashanu, izvo akabvumira, kutanga kugara mhepo vachirwisa musi Murmansk muna April wegore iroro.

matanho akadaro kutora zvazviri, uye hama akadzikama mumamiriro ezvinhu yaakaita ravo rokutanga Kuchinja convoys, chikatsiviwa aripo muhondo mamiriro ezvinhu. Vatsigiri varasikirwa rokutanga January 1942, apo vanhu vokuGermany vakanga chikamu mudungwe wemabhazi PQ-7 akanga akanyura nokuda British chokufambisa chikepe "Waziristan".

Kurasikirwa vatsigiri uye mhinduro yavo

Kuvakira ibudirire, murayiro German akaronga kuvhimwa chaiyo inotevera mudungwe wemabhazi PQ-8. On kuvhura ake akauya yehondo "Tirpitz", yakatofanana yakanyura pamberi "Bismarck" uye vaparadzi matatu uye Ngarava dzepasi pemvura wandei. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvingaedzwa kuitwa, vachinyatsoziva vasabatwa kweArctic mudungwe wemabhazi vakakundikana, uye mumwe chete, asi yezvinongoerekana chaizvo kwatiri wacho aiva Soviet chokufambisa chikepe "Izhora", nokuti zvekushandisa kwezvikonzero, asi stragglers kubva huru boka.

Zvinosuruvarisa hereinafter omubatanidzwa kurasikirwa kwakawedzera yekudyidzana. Maererano nokupeta zuva muna March 1942, vanhu vokuGermany vakakwanisa kunyura British transports mashanu, uye mwedzi unotevera, vakanga vakabatana nomumwe ngarava mapfumbamwe dzaiva chikamu convoys mana takananga Murmansk.

Zvisinei, chikuru uto chipingamupinyi British April 30 apo Avangard vanogumurwa kubva yepasi pemvura German akanga akanyura ne ngarawa "Edinburgh", achidzokera nemahombekombe Britain. Pamwe naye vakaenda pasi, vaiva ake atirari wedzimba mashanu uye matani nehafu nendarama rakabva hurumende yeSoviet nokuda zvechiuto zvokushandisa kuti havana chisingapembedzwi kwatiri.

Zvadaro, ndarama wakamutswa mukufamba kununura oparesheni, kwakaitika munguva kubva muna 1961 kusvika 1968. Maererano akasaina kondirakiti pamberi, zvose zvikava yakakamurwa pakati Soviet Union, Britain, uye yemakambani nokunoitwa ari pasi pemvura mabasa.

Panguva iyoyo muna 1942 nokuda omesa zvinhu, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany zvokukurumidzira matanho akatorwa. American rengarava akatuma kurindira convoys zvikuru chaizvo dzechikwata, iine battleships vaviri, vaviri sevatsvaki vemapuranga uye kuvaparadzi matanhatu. Hadzigari parutivi uye murayiro neSoviet. Kana asati ari Northern Fleet akaita wiring chokufambisa midziyo chete zvikuru akasarudzwa kuti chinangwa ichi zvikepe, zvino vakatumirwa kune zvose pasina chakasara, mauto iripo.

The Feat taita ari "Old Bolsheviks"

Kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kuita neimwe ndege waitoda zvokuchenesa nokushinga uye heroism, paiva ezvinhu umo izvi unhu dzinonyanya kudiwa. Muenzaniso ruponeso Soviet vezvikepe motokari "Old Bolshevik" mudziyo, rakabudiswa kubva Reykjavik, pamwe mudungwe wemabhazi PQ-16. Dai 27, 1942 nayo Akatsoropodzwa ndege German uye mabhomba somugumisiro, moto yakatanga mundege corners.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti mubhazi vaiva dzakawanda ematani zvinoputika, vafambisi vakaramba kupa vazvo Chirungu kuenda mungarava imwe ngarava dzavo, uye vose rikarira vakarwa moto. Kwapera maawa masere, moto, nguva vaityisidzira dzinokaroparuka, akanga akadzimwa, uye "Old Bolshevik" vakabudirira ukabatwa vamwe roruvazhe, izvo ndokuenda zvayo Murmansk.

Njodzi Arctic mudungwe wemabhazi PQ-17

Njodzi mudungwe wemabhazi ichi, icho akasunungurwa Hvalfjörður June 27, 1942, rakava zvikuru nedambudziko kuti nguva yose hurukuro chingashamwaridzana nhumbi pamusoro kweArctic nzira. Zvaitika sezvo zvakanga vakazoroorwa vachibvumirana akacherechedza nyanzvi muchiuto, chete nokuda mhosva weBritish Admiralty, Admiral Pound.

Zvakatanga aine chokwadi chokuti mazuva mana gare gare, mudungwe wemabhazi sezvayakawanikwa kubudikidza ndege German, anoshandisa simba pamusoro mvura munzvimbo yeGungwa Norwegian. Iye pakarepo vakatumirwa gamha makuru wengarava uye mhepo nemauto, kurwisa izvo British akaziva pamusoro mazuva matatu, kurasikirwa matatu nezvifambiso mudziyo. Zvinogoneka kuti vamwe dare uye vangadai vakasvika kuenda asi musi waJuly 4, zvikazikamwa kuti vabva wepachiteshi chacho ainzi uye kusvika kwavari kupfuura panguva iyoyo, ngarava yacho German Navy - "Tirpitz" yehondo.

Zirume ichi, akashongedzerwa pamwe sere pyatnadtsatidyuymovymi pfuti, mumwe akakwanisa kuparadza kwete chete zvose nhumbi zvikepe muvakutsiri, asi pamwe navo uye kudzivirira ngarava. Kudzidza uku, Admiral Pound akaita yenhamo sarudzo. Akarayira ngarava kungwarira kuti vasaite hondo pamwe yehondo uye kutamira rebei. Transportation chete dare aifanira akatambanudzira, uye mumwe nomumwe kutevera Murmansk.

Somugumisiro, "Tirpitz", kwete kuwana muvengi wevasungwa, akadzokera nechigadziko, uye transports vakapararira maererano Admiral wacho kurayira nomugungwa, akava nyore chipfuro kuti ndege muvengi uye Ngarava dzepasi pemvura. Statistics njodzi iri rinotyisa. Makumi matatu namatanhatu omubatanidzwa ngarava, makumi maviri vatatu pai, uye pamwe chete navo pasi kuruboshwe, vakatakurwa yavo yemberi, matatu chiuru hafu motokari, mazana mana namakumi mana matangi, mazana maviri ndege uye vanenge zviuru zana matani cargoes siyana. Zvikepe zviviri akadzoka, uye gumi chete kusvika pachiteshi kuenda. vanhu zana nemakumi mashanu nenhatu vakaurayiwa uye mazana matatu upenyu akaponeswa panguva chaiyo vakapindira vechikepe Soviet.

Zvakaipira nenhamo

dambudziko iri rinenge akaita kugumiswa vazvo kuti Soviet Union emauto zvinhu, uye chete pasi kumanikidzwa Moscow, Britain dzakamanikidzwa kupfurira yapfuura wazvipira. Zvisinei, pashure, mudungwe wemabhazi akarasikirwa ngarava matatu torpedoed ne Ngarava dzepasi pemvura German, mamwe kutumira kunge kumbosiyiwa kusvikira pakutanga polar usiku.

Mushure zvinosuruvarisa akarasika mudungwe wemabhazi murayiro British vakachinja asingafari, mu pfungwa dzavo, asi codename musi yw PQ, uye RA. Paivawo vachiedza verevedza zvinhu kuroorwa chokufambisa midziyo, asi hazvina hunokwanisa mugumisiro uyewo rapera kurasikirwa kwavo uye kurasikirwa neupenyu.

Chete muna December 1942, uto nemhanza British. Muna mbiri mudungwe wemabhazi mumwedzi vakakwanisa kuzadzisa lossless Murmansk. Pane uchapupu hwokuti izvi zvakaguma usingarondedzereki nehasha Hitler, uye mutengo-Chief of Navy pakati Grand Admiral Raeder.

Luck akabva nevaNazi

Zvisinei, pakazosvika nguva hondo yakauya pachena kutsemuka. Most ngarava pamusoro German vakayerera dzimwe nzvimbo, uye munguva 1943-1945 gore pamusoro omubatanidzwa convoys yaive bedzi ari yepasi pemvura. nhamba yavo ungaderedza yakafanira kurwisa nokurasikirwa, apo indasitiri German panguva iyoyo akanga atova asingakwanisi kuzvizadzisa.

Pakapera December 1943 German Navy chakarasikirwa imwe yayo yakanakisisa warships - ngarawa "Scharnhorst", dzanyura yeBritain apo vachiedza kurwisa Arctic mudungwe wemabhazi akatakura YP-55 rokuremekedza. Zvakafanana kusuruvara mugumo vakakamura flagship pamusoro Naval Forces muGermany - the yehondo "Tirpitz". Haana kubatana hondo, yakaparadzwa ndege British zvakananga pachiteshi chengarava.

Mupiro vezvikepe of omubatanidzwa Masimba kuti kukunda

Munguva yehondo, kweArctic convoys, mapikicha zviri nenzira pepa akapa nyika yedu mana matani mamiriyoni hafu motikari yehondo uye chikafu, izvo anenge makumi matatu muzana ukuru yose Union rubatsiro. With dzakananga pamusoro zvombo, zvakanga akanunurwa kuchamhembe pedyo dzinenge hafu yaipedzerwa inopiwa neSoviet Union, Britain uye America. Total arctic convoys rwaiitwa mu yepakarepo kunharaunda German-vakagaramo kumiganhu 1398 senga mudziyo.

Gore rino, voruzhinji munyika yedu, uyewo US uye UK kupemberera gore rokutanga peArctic mudungwe wemabhazi. Yaiva zvakakosha chaizvo zuva. Vaimbove vatsigiri vakapemberera ayo 75th mhembero. Arctic convoys vakaita kudaro basa rinokosha pokukundwa Nazi Germany, kuti kukosha kwayo hazvigoni dzakanaka, uye saka mhemberero yakarongwa kuti chiitiko muna Pomorie, tora zvakakodzera dzose. Vari akapindwa nenhume kubva munyika pfumbamwe.

Kunze Severodvinsk uye Arkhangelsk, zviitiko unotara kupemberera uku, uyewo rakaitirwa Murmansk uye St. Petersburg, apo makore maviri apfuura pakanga shongwe kweArctic convoys. Pakuvamba, shongwe pakuyeuka vechikamu pamusoro umhare zviitiko izvozvo yakatangwa Murmansk.

Panguva mhemberero iri Russian paterevhizheni vanoratidza, chinoitwa American filmmaker muna 2001 inonzi "Arctic omubatanidzwa convoys ose 1941-1945.". With Firimu iri firimu vomunyika yedu vakakwanisa kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro zviitiko kuti paita mumakore ehondo mugungwa inosvika kuchamhembe latitudes.