The Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland: musi, hunokonzera, migumisiro

The akakurumbira Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland (1642-1660) anozivikanwa munyika yedu pasi chete zita mabhuku Soviet, izvo ratidza boka kutamburira iri Chirungu nzanga iri XVII remakore. Panguva iyoyowo, zviitiko izvi muEurope, anozivikanwa anongoti so "hondo yevagari." Zvava rimwe zvinoitika panguva yake uye kunotsanangurwa kuti Vector okukura muEngland pamusoro anotevera emakore.

Kusanzwisisana mambo uye paramende

Chikuru chikonzero hondo yaiva kupesana pakati varikutonga uye Paramende. Rimwe divi raiva Korol Karl I of Stuart youmambo, uyo akatonga England sezvo kumhedziso mambo, nokunyima vagari kodzero dzavo. Akasvika kuzorwa naye paramende, iyo yaiva nyika kubva XII remakore, kana rakabvumirwa kuti Magna Carta. The House yevamiriri nemakirasi dzakasiyana ndisingadi kubvuma chokwadi chokuti mambo rinobvisa masimba ake uye mubvunzo nomutemo.

The Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland aiva mamwe nechirevo inokosha. Munguva yehondo, ndichiedza kufunga ukama vamiririri zvemasangano akasiyana echiKristu (vaKaturike, yeAnglican, nevaPuritan). kunetsana uku kwaiva ungira nomumwe chiitiko chinokosha European. Muna 1618-1648 gg. pamusoro munharaunda Mutsvene hweRoma aitambudza War Yemakore Makumi Matatu. Zvakatanga sezvo kurwirana kodzero vaPurotesitendi, izvo vaishora nevaKaturike. Nokufamba kwenguva, hondo vakanwa masimba ose yakasimba European, kunze England. Zvisinei, kunyange chimwe chitsuwa voga nharo dzechitendero yaifanira kugadziriswa nechisimba.

Chimwe chinhu chinosiyanisa Bourgeois yechimurenga England, aiva kupikiswa yenyika kuBritish, uye Scots, Welsh uye Irish. Ava vanhu vatatu vakanga aizokundwa poumambo uye zvaaida kuzadzisa rusununguko, kushandisa hondo muumambo.

Kutanga chimurenga

Huru zvikonzero Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland, inorondedzerwa kumusoro, vanofanira tichikufunga kutungamirira kushandiswa kwezvombo. Asi vaida chinokosha chikonzero ichi. Iye akawanikwa muna 1642. In mishomanana pamberi kutanga National yemuna muIreland, vanhu vepo uyo achaita chinhu kudzinga yokuBritain nechisimba kubva pachitsuwa yavo.

In London, pakarepo akatanga kugadzirira kutumira kuhondo kumavirira, kuti anokunyaradza ari nevari. Asi kutanga mushandirapamwe wakavarambidza kusanzwisisana Paramende uye Mambo. Mapato vasingagoni kubvumirana ndiani achatungamirira mauto. Maererano ichangobva wokurera mitemo, mauto pasi reParamende. Zvisinei, Charles ndaida kutanga mumaoko avo. Kutyisidzira wevatariri, pakarepo akasarudza kusunga zvikuru mhirizhonga kwavavengi vake Paramende. Pakati pavo paiva enyika akadai Dzhon pimu uye Denzil Hollis. Asi ivo vose vakatiza kubva murindi akatendeka mambo panguva yokupedzisira.

Ipapo Karl, akatya, nekuti zvivi yavo ichava nedambudziko mhinduro, akatizira New York. King ari kure atanga kuedza mvura uye nechokwadi mwero nhengo Parliament kuenda kudivi rake. Vamwe vavo chaizvoizvo vakaenda Stewart. Ndozvakaitawo kuhondo. Vamiririri kuchinja kwamachinda aida kuchengetedza yekare pakati mhedziso umambo, vaiva zvakaturikidzaniswa kwenzanga kuti akatsigira mambo. Ipapo Charles, kutenda pachavo, nehondo akaenda kuLondon kubata paramende inopandukira. danidziro ake kwakatangwa August 22, 1642, uye pamwe pacho vakatanga uye Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland.

"Roundheads" pamusoro "naanamai"

Vatsigiri Paramende vainzi Roundheads, uye kutsigira youmambo - the Cavaliers. hondo chikuru yokutanga pakati mauto maviri rinopikisa kwakaitika October 23, 1642 pedyo nomusha Edgehill. Nemhaka yaro yokutanga kukunda naanamai akakwanisa kudzivirira Oxford, iyo yakava yakagara Charles I.

King akaita mukuru wemauto, mwana womukoma wake Rupert. Aiva mwanakomana Elector Palatine Frederick, nekuti iyo Hondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu akatanga muGermany. Pakupedzisira, mambo waakadzinga mhuri Rupert achibva kuruwa, uye jaya akava mari. Asati kushanyira England, akawana pfuma rechiuto ruzivo kuburikidza basa muNetherlands uye kudzidza kuSweden. Zvino Muzukuru wamambo, akatungamirira Cavaliers dzinoendesa mauto, achida vabate London, zvakasara mumaoko vatsigiri reParamende. Saka, England panguva Bourgeois chimurenga vakakamukana, vakaita mapoka maviri maviri.

Roundheads vakatsigira ichangotangwa bourgeoisie uye vatengesi. Izvi makirasi munzanga zvave kupfuura proactive munyika yavo. Vakachengeta upfumi, akavonga kwavari innovate. Nekuti kusingasaruri wechipfuwo mutemo wamambo kuramba ane entrepreneur muEngland akanga kuwedzera kuoma. Ndokusaka bourgeoisie raiva parutivi Paramende, ndichitarisira mumwe takunda kuti vawane rusununguko akavimbisa kudzora zvinhu zvavo pachavo.

unhu Cromwell

Political vatungamiriri muLondon aiva Oliver Cromwell. Akauya achibva vakapfuma landowning mumhuri. simba rayo uye kuwana kuburikidza nemanomano anobata chechi pfuma. With kwehondo , akava mukuru wehondo dzeparamende. tarenda ake akaratidza mutungamiri panguva Hondo Marston Frizington, kwakaitika musi July 2, muna 1644.

Mariri mambo havana chete kumativi misoro, asi Scots. rudzi urwu ane kwemazana emakore wakarwira rusununguko rwayo wokumaodzanyemba vavakidzani. Parliament muEngland akapedzisa kubatana pamwe Scots pamusoro Charles. Saka mambo akabatwa pakati fronts maviri. Mauto omubatanidzwa vakabatana, vakaenda kudivi York.

At Hondo Marston Frizington akanga wakapindwa dzinokwana vanenge 40.000 vanhu kumativi ose. Vatsigiri mambo, akatungamirira Prince Rupert, akatambudzika ane unorema kukundwa, pashure iyo kuchamhembe yose England, kwave vaibvisa ne Cavaliers. Oliver Cromwell wake vamabhiza vakanga pakunzi "Ironsides" nokuda nesimba rake uye kutsungirira panguva yakaoma.

Army nadzurudzo mu Paramende

Nemhaka kukunda pana Marston Frizington Oliver Cromwell akava mumwe wavatungamiri muParamende. In kuwa muna 1644 muimba vamiririri mumaruwa, izvo zvavakatemwa mukuru mutero (kuitira zvakakodzera kushanda muchiuto). Vakaudza kuti vakanga vasisa kuti mari iri muhomwe. Chiitiko ichi chakanga nhangaruvanze kuti kuchinja mukati uto Roundheads.

The of Zvakabuda hondo makore maviri okutanga havana dzinogutsa kuti reParamende. Kubudirira pana Marston Frizington aiva kukunda ari Roundheads wokutanga, asi hapana aigona kutaura nechivimbo kuti nemhanza acharamba kuperekedza vavengi vamambo. Parliament hondo kunoratidzwa yakaderera kwevari kurayirirwa, nekuti kukasawedzerwa ainyanya nokuda asina hanya vaiendeswa, uyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, uyewo akarwa unhinhi. Vamwe vaiendeswa vavaifungira kuva Links pamwe naanamai uye kusavimbika.

New womuenzaniso mauto

Parliament muEngland aida kubvisa ichi chinorwadza ezvinhu muchiuto. Saka, mumatsutso muna 1644 ari kuvhota kwakaitika, zvakazoita kudzorwa wehondo chete-handedly akaenda Cromwell. Akanga basa aite zvinhu, uye izvi zvinobudirira kuitwa pfupi.

Uto New wakanzi "itsva womuenzaniso mauto". It akasikwa "Ironsides" womuenzaniso hondo, izvo kubva pakutanga rinotungamirirwa Cromwell pachake. Zvino Parliament hondo yakanga pakurangwa nehasha (nayo airambidzwa kushandisa doro, kutamba makasa uye zvichingodaro. D.). Uyezve, ayo chikuru marangwanda simbi Puritan. Yaiva zvinhu nokuda zvachose zvinopesana monarchical dzeRoma kuti Stuart.

Puritani zvakasiyana zvikuru upenyu uye sacral reshiyo Bhaibheri. The Army wava ndozvakajairwa idzva mharidzo kuverenga Evhangeri pamberi muhondo uye dzimwe tsika yeRoma.

Kwokupedzisira kukundwa Charles I

Mushure kuchinja, Cromwell uye nehondo yake akatarisana inokosha bvunzo iri kuzorwa Cavaliers. June 14, 1645 ari County pamusoro Northamptonshire wakaitwa Hondo Naseby. Cavaliers akatambura unorema kukundwa. Pashure paizvozvo, wokutanga Bourgeois yechimurenga England, akatamira kune imwe Danho idzva. King haana chete kuparadzwa. Roundheads akatora nhumbi dzake uye kuwana chakavanzika matsamba, umo Karl Styuart akadana kubatsira chiFrench. Kubva matsamba zvakava pachena kuti mambo akanga achida chaizvo kutengesa nyika yavo navatorwa, sezvakanga kugara pachigaro choushe.

Zvinyorwa izvi nokukurumidza kuwana yakawanda mbirikira, uye voruzhinji pakupedzisira vakatsauka Karl. Mambo wokutanga aiva mumaoko Scots, uyo ane mari zhinji akaitengesera kuBritish. First mambo akachengetwa mutorongo, asi asati pamutemo pachigaro. With Karl akaedza kusvika pakubvumirana (Parliament, Cromwell, navatorwa), kupa mamiriro siyana kudzokera simba. Mushure apukunyuka kamera, uye ipapo zvakare akanga akabatwa, mugumo wake chisimbiso. Karl Stewart yave kutongwa uye akatongerwa rufu. January 30, 1649 akanga musoro.

Kudada kunoita kubvisa Paramende

Kana tikafunga yechimurenga England somunhu kunetsana naCharles uye Paramende, richiri yakaguma muna 1646. Zvisinei, vanyori vezvakaitika kare ndokuwarira pamusoro yakakura dudziro rokuti, anofukidza yose nguva kusagadzikana mamiriro simba munyika iri pakati XVII remakore. Shure mambo vakakundwa, kukonana akatanga muParamende. mapoka akasiyana akatambura kuti simba, chokuda kurasa vorongerwa.

Huru tsika akagovana gwara vakava chitendero. In Parliament, vakarwa pakati pavo vaPresbyterian uye Independents. Ava vaiva vamiririri akasiyana yokuda of Protestantism. December 6, 1648 kwaiva Pride kuti richanatsa reParamende. Army vakatsigira Independents uye vaPresbyterian kudzingwa. The paramende mutsva, anonzi nebemhe, muna 1649 zvishoma akavamba zvokuvhoterwa.

The kurwa Scots

Large-pamwero munhau dzinotungamirira kuna asingatarisirwi nemigumisiro. Sapakuparadzwa poumambo chakawedzera kwemadzinza. The Irish uye Scots aedza nechisimba kuti vawane rusununguko. Parliament akatuma pamusoro pavo hondo, akatungamirirwa Oliver Cromwell akamuka zvakare. Zvikonzero Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland painyanya uyewo mune dzisakarurama nzvimbo vanhu vakasiyana, saka bedzi uku haina arukutika, hazvaikwanisa kugumisa murugare. Muna 1651, mauto Cromwell kwakaita akakunda Scots panguva Hondo Worcester uye hwogumisa kutamburira kwavo rusununguko.

Udzvinyiriri pakati Cromwell

Nokuda pakubudirira Cromwell akava akakurumbira kwete chete, asiwo munhu wezvematongerwo enyika simba. Muna 1653, iye emauto akadzingwa mabasa muparamende uye pave protectorate. Nemamwe mashoko, Cromwell akava chete mudzvinyiriri. Akatora musoro Ishe Mudziviriri England, Scotland uye Ireland.

Cromwell akakwanisa muchidimbu kudzikamisa nyika akavonga pachinhu vavengi zvayo oma matanho. Kutaura zvazviri, nyika yakanga mumamiriro hondo, izvo zvakaita kuti Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland. Tafura inoratidza sei kuchinja simba munyika mumakore refu nehondo yevagari vemo.

Mugumo protectorate

Muna 1658, Cromwell akafa typhus. Vakauya simba, mwanakomana wake Richard, asi ari hunhu aiva pakatarisana baba vake simba kwake. Kana vakatanga mhirizhonga, uye nyika cheguta opportunists siyana vaida kubata simba.

Historical zviitiko kwakaitika imwe pashure perimwe. In May a1659 Richard Kromvel nokuzvidira basa, achipa uto zvinodiwa. In ezvinhu aya, mhirizhonga Parliament vakatanga kutaurirana nemwanakomana akaurayiwa Charles I (uyewo Carl) pamusoro kudzorerwa umambo.

Kudzorerwa umambo

Mambo mutsva yakadzokera kumusha vachibva kuutapwa. Muna 1660 iye akamutevera woumambo Stuart. Saka akagumisa chimurenga. Zvisinei, kudzorerwa kwakakanganisa kuti absolutism rakati rapera. Old feudalism rakaparadzwa zvachose. The Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland, iri pfupi, zvakakonzera kwaita capitalism. Akabvumira England (uye gare gare British) anova aitungamirira simba zvoupfumi munyika iri XIX remakore. Akadaro migumisiro Bourgeois chimurenga muEngland. Yakatanga maindasitiri uye sayenzi kubvuta masimba, rava chiitiko chinokosha kuti kufambira mberi kwevanhu vose.